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��ࡱ�>�� r��_bjbj�v�v2��<�<�w ��8l�$�)pl��&�o�o�o�o�o�o�o$�q�7t:�o��o��4�o""".��o"�o"""��p�ql��f�"�o�o0)p"qt�vqt"">1qt�`m4"�o�o>�)p��qt��: organization science volume 22, issue 5, sep. /oct. 2011 1. title: organizational learning: from experience to knowledge authors: linda argote andella miron-spektor abstract: organizational learning has been an important topic for the journal organization science and for the field. we provide a theoretical framework for analyzing organizational learning. according to the framework, organizational experience interacts with the context to create knowledge. the context is conceived as having both a latent component and an active component through which learning occurs. we also discuss current and emerging research themes related to components of our framework. promising future research directions are identified. we hope that our perspective will stimulate future work on organizational learning and knowledge. 2. title: using organizational economics to study organizational capability development and strategy authors: nicholas argyres abstract: there is a consensus among strategy scholars that heterogeneous firm capabilities are at the root of firms' competitive advantages. organizational economics does not address such capabilities directly, and some have suggested that it therefore offers little insight into them. in this essay, i argue that organizational economics can shed light on how firm capabilities are developed and sustained. 3. title: identity in organizations: exploring cross-level dynamics authors: blake e. ashforth, kristie m. rogers, and kevin g. corley abstract: most research on organization-based identities focuses on a single level of analysis, typically the individual, group, or organization. as a spur to more cross-level identity research, we offer speculative discussions on two issues concerning nested identities. first, regarding the processes through which identities become linked across levels, we explore how identities at one level of analysis enable and constrain identities at other levels. we argue that, for a collective identity, intrasubjective understanding (�i think�) fosters intersubjective understanding (�we think�) through interaction, which in turn fosters generic understanding�a sense of the collective that transcends individuals (�it is�). second, regarding the content of linked identities, we suggest that identities are relatively isomorphic across levels because organizational goals require some internal coherence. however, for various intended and unintended reasons, isomorphism is often impeded across levels, and identities tend to become somewhat differentiated. 4. title: making organizational theory work: institutions, occupations, and negotiated orders authors: beth a. bechky abstract: in this essay i argue that organizational theorizing would benefit from incorporating a richer understanding of work and occupations. to demonstrate how, i turn to recent literature analyzing inhabited institutions, occupations as institutions, and occupations as negotiated orders. i explore the theoretical and methodological implications of these approaches to show how they challenge some of our more abstract images of organizations. they do so by grounding their theoretical frameworks in work practices and interaction, interpretation and meaning, and understandings of occupational membership. 5. title: on network theory authors: stephen p. borgatti anddaniel s. halgin abstract: research on social networks has grown considerably in the last decade. however, there is a certain amount of confusion about network theory�for example, what it is, what is distinctive about it, and how to generate new theory. this paper attempts to remedy the situation by clarifying the fundamental concepts of the field (such as the network) and characterizing how network reasoning works. we start by considering the definition of network, noting some confusion caused by two different perspectives, which we refer to as realist and nominalist. we then analyze two well-known network theories, granovetter's strength of weak ties theory [granovetter, m. s. 1973. the strength of weak ties. amer. j. sociol. 78(6) 1360�1380] and burt's structural holes theory [burt, r. s. 1992. structural holes: the social structure of competition. havard university press, cambridge, ma], to identify characteristic elements of network theorizing. we argue that both theories share an underlying theoretical model, which we label the network flow model, from which we derive additional implications. we also discuss network phenomena that do not appear to fit the flow model and discuss the possibility of a second fundamental model, which we call the bond model. we close with a discussion of the merits of model-based network theorizing for facilitating the generation of new theory, as well as a discussion of endogeneity in network theorizing. 6. title: power, status, and learning in organizations authors: j. stuart bunderson andray e. reagans abstract: this paper reviews the scholarly literature on the effects of social hierarchy�differences in power and status among organizational actors�on collective learning in organizations and groups. we begin with the observation that theories of organization and group learning have tended to adopt a rational system model, a model that emphasizes goal-directed and cooperative interactions between and among actors who may differ in knowledge and expertise but are undifferentiated with respect to power and status. our review of the theoretical and empirical literatures on power, status, and learning suggests that social hierarchy can complicate a rational system model of collective learning by disrupting three critical learning-related processes: anchoring on shared goals, risk taking and experimentation, and knowledge sharing. we also find evidence to suggest that the stifling effects of power and status differences on collective learning can be mitigated when advantaged actors are collectively oriented. indeed, our review suggests that higher-ranking actors who use their power and status in more �socialized� ways can play critical roles in stimulating collective learning behavior. we conclude by articulating several promising directions for future research that were suggested by our review. 7. title: computational modeling for what-is, what-might-be, and what-should-be studies�and triangulation authors: richard m. burton andb�rge obel abstract: in this essay, we examine what-is, what-might-be, and what-should-be computational models where the purpose is to explore new concepts, ideas, boundaries, and limitations going beyond what we know at the moment. computational models complement well with other approaches: ethnographies, field studies, human subject lab studies, and surveys in novel triangulations. triangulation of two or more complementary approaches permits us to broaden and deepen our understanding and insights. 8. title: social entrepreneurship: a critique and future directions authors: m. tina dacin, peter a. dacin, and paul tracey abstract: work on social entrepreneurship constitutes a field of study that intersects a number of domains, including entrepreneurial studies, social innovation, and nonprofit management. scholars are beginning to contribute to the development of this new discipline through efforts that attempt to trace the emergence of social entrepreneurship as well as by comparing it to other organizational activities such as conventional entrepreneurship. however, as a nascent field, social entrepreneurship scholars are in the midst of a number of debates involving definitional and conceptual clarity, boundaries of the field, and a struggle to arrive at a set of relevant and meaningful research questions. this paper examines the promise of social entrepreneurship as a domain of inquiry and suggests a number of research areas and research questions for future study. 9. title: organizing ecologies of complex innovation authors: deborah dougherty anddanielle d. dunne abstract: for many sectors like health care, financial services, or renewable energy, new products and services are generated by an ecology of business firms, nonprofit foundations, public institutions, and other agents. knowledge to innovate is dispersed across ecologies, so no single firm or small group of firms can innovate alone. moreover, many new products and services in ecologies such as health care or energy are complex or comprise many parts with unknown interactions. new products, knowledge, business models, and applications all emerge unpredictably over considerable time periods, as various agents in the ecologies of innovation interact with and react to the actions of others. however, the existing organizing structure in these ecologies stifles emergence and precludes much innovation, simply because theory and practice do not adequately address how to organize for complex innovation. we develop a preliminary model for organizing ecologies of complex innovation. we suggest that innovations can continually emerge productively if people work locally in ecologies to set and solve problems of orchestrating knowledge capabilities across the ecology, strategizing across the ecology to create new businesses and applications, and developing public policies to embrace ambiguity. using examples from biopharmaceuticals and alternative energy, we develop specific organizing ideas that can be examined and elaborated upon. this new direction for organization science integrates existing ideas around a new kind of organizing and shows how organization science can add real value in addressing major challenges of public welfare and safety in the 21st century. 10. title: knowledge collaboration in online communities authors: samer faraj, sirkka l. jarvenpaa, and ann majchrzak abstract: online communities (ocs) are a virtual organizational form in which knowledge collaboration can occur in unparalleled scale and scope, in ways not heretofore theorized. for example, collaboration can occur among people not known to each other, who share different interests and without dialogue. an exploration of this organizational form can fundamentally change how we theorize about knowledge collaboration among members of organizations. we argue that a fundamental characteristic of ocs that affords collaboration is their fluidity. this fluidity engenders a dynamic flow of resources in and out of the community�resources such as passion, time, identity, social disembodiment of ideas, socially ambiguous identities, and temporary convergence. with each resource comes both a negative and positive consequence, creating a tension that fluctuates with changes in the resource. we argue that the fluctuations in tensions can provide an opportunity for knowledge collaboration when the community responds to these tensions in ways that encourage interactions to be generative rather than constrained. after offering numerous examples of such generative responses, we suggest that this form of theorizing�induced by online communities�has implications for theorizing about the more general case of knowledge collaboration in organizations. 11. title: theorizing practice and practicing theory authors: martha s. feldman andwanda j. orlikowski abstract: this paper describes the emerging field of practice theory as it is practiced in relation to organizational phenomena. we identify three approaches�empirical, theoretical, and philosophical�that relate to the what, the how, and the why of using a practice lens. we discuss three principles of the theoretical approach to practice and offer examples of how practice theory has been used in the organizational literature and in our own research. we end with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that practice theory affords organizational scholarship. 12. title: transactive memory systems: current issues and future research directions authors: kyle lewis andbenjamin herndon abstract: transactive memory system (tms) theory has been popularized in recent research on groups and other collectives. in this essay we outline current issues in tms research and develop propositions that can be tested in future research. we describe issues concerning how researchers define and conceptualize tmss, interpret the relationship between tms measures and the tms concept, and attend to the role of task type in tms research. the potential to advance tms research by incorporating multilevel and social network perspectives, reconsidering the role of information technology in supporting tmss, and developing frameworks suited to complex, multiactivity tasks is considered. 13. title: reorganizing the boundaries of trust: from discrete alternatives to hybrid forms authors: bill mcevily abstract: in this essay i propose that trust be reconceptualized as a family of hybrid form concepts. i argue that trust and risk frequently co-occur and overlap. in conjunction, the concepts produce hybrid social judgments that combine elements of trust and risk. the point of overlap among trust and risk centers on the choice to be vulnerable to the decisions and actions of another party. however, the types of decision making and information processing involved represent important differences between the two types of social judgments. whereas risk involves probabilistic decision making and more controlled information processing, trust involves heuristic decision making and more automatic information processing. i conclude with a discussion of new directions for organizational research based on the notion of hybrid forms of trust. 14. title: effective matrices, decision frames, and cooperation in volunteer dilemmas: a theoretical perspective on academic peer review authors: gregory b. northcraft andann e. tenbrunsel abstract: academic journal reviewing is a form of collective action that creates a public good, and as such, it represents a social dilemma with cooperation being essential to the reviewing process. cooperation in this social dilemma is a function of the perceived costs and benefits to the potential reviewer. however, those perceived costs and benefits are personally perceived and in turn may be influenced by the frame reviewers bring to the decision to review. frames may differ in the extent to which they lead reviewing to be viewed as an in-role duty or an extra-role choice, and the extent to which they lead reviewers to focus only on consequences to the self or consequences to others as well. also critical in this dilemma are the frames of editors who must invite participation by reviewers and the frames of universities who legitimate reviewer behaviors. some �obvious� solutions to the volunteer dilemma of reviewing may have paradoxical effects on reviewer cooperation if such frames are not considered. the importance of frame analysis for understanding volunteer dilemmas is addressed. 15. title: attention to attention authors: william ocasio abstract: organizational theory and research has increased attention to the determinants and consequences of attention in organizations. attention is not, however, a unitary concept but is used differently in various metatheories: the behavioral theory of the firm, managerial cognition, issue selling, attention-based view, and ecology. at the level of the brain, neuroscientists have identified three varieties of attention: selective attention, executive attention, and vigilance. attention is shaped by both top-down (i.e., schema-driven) and bottom-up (i.e., stimulus-driven) processes. inspired by neuroscience research, i classify and compare three varieties of attention studied in organization science: attentional perspective (top-down), attentional engagement (combining top-down and bottom-up executive attention and vigilance), and attentional selection (the outcome of attentional processes). based on research findings, i develop five propositions on how the varieties of attention in organization provide a theoretical alternative to theories of structural determinism or strategic choice, with a particular focus on the role of attention in explaining organizational adaptation and change. 16. title: advancing the conceptualization and operationalization of novelty in organizational research authors: lori rosenkopf andpatia mcgrath abstract: the construct of novelty is an important primitive for theories of organization learning, strategic change, and innovation. the organizational pursuit of novelty is generally theorized as necessary for long-term organizational adaptation and survival yet variance increasing in the short term. we argue that the recent explosion of studies of exploration and exploitation tend to conceptualize and operationalize novelty quite narrowly. in contrast, we treat novelty as a multidimensional construct and discuss implications of this approach for future research. 17. title: �i've got a theory paper�do you?�: conceptual, empirical, and theoretical contributions to knowledge in the organizational sciences authors: zur shapira abstract: is �the field of management's devotion to theory too much of a good thing?� [hambrick, d. c. 2007. the field of management's devotion to theory: too much of a good thing? acad. management j. 50(6) 1346�1352]. in his paper, hambrick criticizes the practice employed by many journals in the management field that requires that papers submitted for publication make a strong theoretical contribution. i argue that part of the problem is caused by the misunderstanding and misuse of the term �theory.� to clarify the status of theory, i review three modes of research formulation in the organizational sciences: theories, models, and conceptual frameworks. language plays an important role in scientific research. i therefore discuss two research languages that are used in research in management that appear to be the farthest apart: mathematics, which is the language of precision; and narratives, which is the language that provides rich data. i provide a discussion of the use of mathematics in theory development and the use of narratives in research development. the two languages and three modes of research formulation are needed for contribution to knowledge, which should be the main goal of research in organization science. 18. title: organizations as fonts of entrepreneurship authors: jesper b. s�rensen andmagali a. fassiotto abstract: most entrepreneurs emanate from established organizations, yet systematic theorizing about the ways in which organizations shape the entrepreneurial process has only recently begun to emerge. we provide a framework for organizing this emerging literature. we focus on four different metaphors in the literature for how organizations matter in the entrepreneurial process and suggest promising avenues for future research. 19. title: studying choice and change: the intersection of institutional theory and entrepreneurship research authors: pamela s. tolbert, robert j. david, and wesley d. sine abstract: although there are many potential points of intersection between institutional theory and contemporary studies of entrepreneurship, these have generally remained distinct literatures, with the connections left more implicit than explicit. we argue that there are a number of benefits to explicitly articulating the links between these bodies of scholarship. in this context, we review work that relates to two key questions we believe are especially likely to benefit from the integration of these literatures�namely, how do institutions affect entrepreneurial choices? and how is entrepreneurship related to changes in institutions? we conclude by considering a number of topics for future research suggested by this integration. 20. title: corporate governance and stakeholder opportunism authors: axel v. werder abstract: corporate governance has become one of the most prominent topics for management scholars, top executives, and regulators alike over the last couple of decades. originally a domain of economics and finance (as well as law), the theme has spread to other areas such as strategic management and organization theory in recent years. this paper will first give a brief overview on major developments in the field of corporate governance. these developments encompass, on the one hand, the extension of the classical focus on formal systems and structures to perspectives that address behavioral as well as process issues. on the other hand, the terrain has been broadened from its traditional narrow interest in the principal agent problem between shareholders and management to the more comprehensive stakeholder approach of corporate governance. building on these developments, this paper will subsequently elaborate on a further extension of the topic by emphasizing the concept of stakeholder opportunism. the classical principal agent problem results from possible opportunistic behavior of the management, which compromises the interests of the shareholders. however, as the notion of stakeholder opportunism points out, not only the management of a company can exercise opportunism; rather, all stakeholders of a company can (and will to some extent) have options to behave opportunistically and at the same time bear the risk of being victims of the opportunism of other stakeholders. this paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing the determinants and dynamics of the various stakeholders' opportunism options and risks as well as of the actual opportunistic behavior of stakeholders. employing this framework, implications of the notion of stakeholder opportunism for managers and regulators are discussed, and perspectives for further research are identified. 21. title: perspective�collective intelligence in the organization of science authors: anita williams woolley anderica fuchs abstract: whereas some suggest that consensus is the desirable end goal in fields of science, this paper suggests that the existing literature on collective intelligence offers key alternative insights into the evolution of knowledge in scientific communities. drawing on the papers in this special issue, we find that the papers fall across a spectrum of convergent, divergent, and reflective activities. in addition, we find there to be a set of ongoing theoretical tensions common across the papers. we suggest that this diversity of activities and ongoing theoretical tensions�both signs of collective intelligence�may be a far more appropriate measure than consensus of the health of a scientific community. &'),/23689:<ez{��̻̻̻��vnase5shvi�hu<�5�ojqj^jo(h�jih�ji5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jaj h5�cjojqj^jajo( h�ji5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo( h�ji5�cjojqj^jajo(9:;{�34��l m � � 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