-凯发k8游戏

��ࡱ�>�� u �r�ϱbjbj�n�n2��a��a�[ ��""��8��$�,wl��u!u!u!u!u!u!u$�x�n[<eu��eu��4�v��u��u��dg��d��u�v0,w��[��[��2�[�q��eueuqx��,w��[��"qs: governance volume 37, issue 1, jan 2024 1. title: promoting more equitable taxation: can civic actors help? authors: de renzio, paolo. abstract: this short paper summarizes the key findings of a collaborative project looking at civic actors' role in promoting more equitable taxation across seven countries. their examples show that effective tax advocacy usually relies on multiple strategies that engage diverse actors�from public officials and legislators to the media and broader civic coalitions. moreover, progress depends on building robust and convincing narratives around the need for tax reform and deploying different kinds of capacities for technical analysis, political engagement and compelling communications. ultimate success often builds on past failures. in this sense, civil society tax advocacy is a long haul endeavor that requires organizations to have a long term vision and learn and adapt. 2. title: women's political representation, good governance and human development. authors: mechkova, valeriya; dahlum, sirianne; petrarca, constanza sanhueza. abstract: as women's political inclusion has become the international norm, many countries have implemented gender quotas or actively tried to increase women's political representation. women's inclusion is also expected to bring positive development outcomes, as women, both as voters and politicians, may prioritize policies conducive to development. yet, previous research has shown that descriptive representation does not automatically improve governance, and that various contextual factors influence (female) politicians' ability to shape policy outcomes. in this article, we examine how political corruption affects the dynamics of women's representation. we argue that while the presence of women in politics has the potential to increase development, it can also be used as "window dressing" to legitimize rule where in reality male patrons continue to dominate policy decisions. thus, women representatives recruited from the same corrupt networks as these male patrons may be used to perpetuate the status quo or even decrease development outcomes. building on previous research, we argue that patriarchal gender norms and relatively weaker standing of women in corrupt environments can explain why women in these societies may support policy decisions that go against their preferences and interests as a group. we conduct a quantitative analysis drawing on time series cross sectional data on 182 countries from 1900 to 2014 to shed light on the linkage between women empowerment, corruption, and development. we find that women's representation only promotes human development if corruption is at low levels, while under high level of corruption women's inclusion is associated with worsened development outcomes. this finding suggests that women political empowerment might not always be a silver bullet to increasing substantive representation, and especially not under very poor levels of governance and prevalent corruption. 3. title: beyond consultocracy and servants of power: explaining the role of consultants in policy formulation. authors: marciano, reut. abstract: prior research on consultants in policymaking described their expanding policy involvement and impact. this research focuses on consultants' policy formulation roles and on how and why these roles vary across jurisdictions and contexts. it draws on comparative research on healthcare policy in ontario, canada, and victoria, australia. based on analysis of contracts and expenditure data, and 59 semi structured interviews, this research finds that consultants in victoria are partners in formulation, used routinely for a variety of tasks, including core formulation work. their role is institutionalized through formal and informal rules. in contrast, consultants in ontario perform non core formulation work and are primarily active in linking the government to other sites and pools of knowledge. the paper ties this variation to public sector internal capacity and policy sector complexity. it offers new empirical data and provides a nuanced understanding of the roles of consultants in policy formulation. 4. title: sorting citizens: governing via china's social credit system. authors: hou, rui; fu, diana. abstract: china's social credit system can be examined as a governance tool which sorts citizenship behaviors into trustworthy and untrustworthy categories as part of the regime's long standing effort to cultivate a loyal citizenry. based on a data set comprised of central level official documents, national model citizen lists, and media reports, this study qualitatively examines how the chinese state constructs "good" and "bad" citizen ideal types. contrary to media depictions of the system as digital totalitarianism, political behaviors are not the sole criterion for sorting citizens into categories. in fact, the state constructs "bad" (untrustworthy) citizens as those who engage in a wide range of behaviors, including financial and professional misconduct. simultaneously, the state also uses the system to construct and cultivate "good" (trustworthy) citizens as those who publicly demonstrate loyalty to the regime. theoretically, this study sheds light on how the world's most powerful authoritarian regime governs through a system that distributes material and symbolic capital. 5. title: marginalization or risk aversion? using big data to examine why women are found to be less corrupt in court judgments. authors: yu, yi ming; wu, yung ming; chiu, pao lung; chen, kun huang. abstract: previous studies have argued that women are less corrupt because they are marginalized or because they are risk averse. however, because of the insidious and hidden nature of corruption, the subjects of theoretical reasoning in previous studies were individuals who were not involved in corruption. this produces a lack of observations and analyses of individuals who are actually corrupt. for this reason, the present study used text mining of taiwanese district court judgments to examine why women are less corrupt. the results reveal that, following the rise of gender equality in taiwanese society, women are now less marginalized and are as likely as to be as corrupt as men. furthermore, the level of corruption (reflected by the prosecution and conviction rates) among women who are less marginalized (elected civil servants) is higher than among those who are more marginalized (typical civil servants). these findings suggest that women are less corrupt because they are marginalized rather than because they are risk averse. 6. title: when corruption investigations come to nothing: a natural experiment on trust in courts. authors: magalh�es, pedro c. abstract: corruption scandals and their investigation have been shown to undermine support not only for the allegedly involved public officials but also for political actors and institutions more generally. however, we know little about what happens when those investigations end up failing to result in punishments. is citizens' trust in the legal authorities in charge of prosecuting and punishing corruption also undermined? do those effects spill over to political actors, institutions, and even the political regime? we address these questions by taking advantage of an april 2021 judicial decision to drop corruption charges against former portuguese prime minister jos� s�crates during the fieldwork of a public opinion survey. we show that the decision had a substantial negative impact on public trust in the courts. furthermore, although political trust was not immediately affected, its overall levels also became lower in comparison to periods before the judicial decision, suggesting a spillover effect. 7. title: money down the drain: corruption and water service quality in africa. authors: breen, michael; gillanders, robert. abstract: using data from the seventh round of the afrobarometer, we find that a greater regional incidence of corruption in the utilities sector is associated with a reduced likelihood that a household reports that it has access to enough clean water. this result is not evident in older rounds of the survey that were conducted prior to methodological improvements made in round seven. moreover, this association holds only in areas with a piped water system. thus, our findings are consistent with the argument that corruption is a barrier to accessing water through its impact on the quality of water services. while a household that has paid a bribe is more likely to have a water access point, the regional incidence of utilities corruption predicts that the household will not have enough clean water. individual acts of bribery, while associated with connection to a water network, are not associated with greater access in reality. 8. title: judiciary institutions and violent crime in american indian nations. authors: kern, florian g.; gleditsch, kristian skrede; cordell, rebecca. abstract: in many american indian nations the security situation is dire. while scholars have studied how institutions shape economic development in american indian and alaska native (aian) nations, the role of aian institutions for security and violent crime has received much less attention�despite the extensive literature highlighting the important role of effective and legitimate institutions in the long term decline of violence. we analyze how varying types of american indian polities and judiciary institutions fare in tackling violent crime using data across 146 american indian polities. our findings indicate that more autonomous american indian criminal justice institutions with specialized court systems are associated with lower violent crime. however, customary justice institutions do not appear to be effective in reducing violent crime, highlighting the problem of cultural mismatch between traditional and formal justice systems. we argue that analyzing aian nations provides important insights into how institutional legitimacy can shape violent crime. 9. title: executive power in european union politics. authors: tarlea, silvana; bailer, stefanie; kudrna, zdenek; wasserfallen, fabio. abstract: in the multilevel system of the european union (eu), national governments have been empowered at the expense of parliaments. we study the executive power shift in eu politics in the formation of national preferences. this article shows that governments are more likely to integrate parliaments and external actors, such as other governments and eu institutions, when they advocate extreme bargaining positions in eu negotiations. we theoretically develop this argument and provide an empirical study of eurozone politics, covering the preference formation of 27 eu member states. the analysis shows that the executives are overall the dominating power: most of the time, governments form national preferences on their own. when governments integrate additional actors, they mostly rely on external actors and do so to avoid blame and to shift responsibility. these findings question whether the integration of national parliaments in eu politics indeed addresses democratic accountability concerns. 10. title: greasing the wheels of policy reversal: discursive engineering and public opinion management during the relaxation of china's family planning policy. authors: yan, xiaojun; li, la. abstract: how do autocratic regimes use political propaganda to facilitate policy reversals of major significance? in this article, we demonstrate how the authoritarian regime in china dynamically uses propaganda to accomplish rapid discursive shifts in the context of major policy changes. using a structural topic model for unsupervised machine learning to analyze extensive propaganda materials, we explore how the chinese communist party facilitated the reversal of its one child policy in 2015 by deploying a systematic, precise, multi dimensional, and multi layered discursive engineering project. our findings demonstrate that instead of a monolithic and rigid operation, china's state propaganda is a strategic and flexible discursive engineering project tailored to contingent factors, such as the nature of the policy being advocated, the level of the propaganda venue, and the needs, mentality, and tastes of carefully targeted audiences. this coordinated maneuver of state narrative is key for the effective and smooth policy reversal of major significance. 11. title: comparing ministerial advisers across politicization settings: still hiding in the shadows? authors: starohov�, katar�na; ryb�y, marek. abstract: the article examines the proposition that the characteristics of ministerial advisers are shaped by specific settings of the politicization of ministerial administration. four types of politicization settings are identified, resulting from variation in the scope of formal political appointments and appointments into bureaucracy. using data from an original expert survey and semi structured expert interviews, the contribution analyses eleven cases from central and eastern europe. it documents that the functional differentiation of advisers from other administrative actors, and their political and policymaking roles, are conditioned by the politicization settings in which they operate. the political roles of advisers are most pronounced where they do not face other formal political appointees, and appointments into bureaucracy are low. policymaking roles are strongest where formal political appointees manage high politics, and bureaucratic appointments are limited. the article also identifies "invisible" advisers as a new type of player unknown in established western bureaucracies. 12. title: power concentration and bottom up information flow: evidence from chinese municipal congresses. authors: yang, wenhui. abstract: power concentration may impede bottom up information flow. this article argues that strong ruling party control may facilitate the power concentration of ruling elites, which breeds reticence and impedes bottom up information flow. using chinese municipal congresses as a case, i establish that strong ruling party control significantly reduces the number of policy proposals, suggestions, and criticisms from legislators. the reduction effect of ruling party control on upward information is more salient when party leaders are expected to gain power in the future. further analysis rules out alternative mechanisms: leadership style, composition of legislators, and local grievance. 13. title: gender representation in police organizations: do upper level and street level female bureaucrats differ in their roles? authors: pyo, sunyoung; lee, hongseok. abstract: some representative bureaucracy literature has suggested that increasing the share of female bureaucrats, particularly in supervisory positions, would not have a substantial influence on producing policy outcomes in favor of female clients because of the potential impact of organizational socialization. however, there has been little empirical investigation into how passive female representation across hierarchical ranks and its interaction influence policy outcomes for women. by analyzing data on 360 local u.s. police organizations in 2013 and 2016, we found that a higher proportion of female officers in first line supervisory level positions was negatively linked to arrest performance for rape offenses, while a higher share of female street level officers was not significantly linked to arrest performance for the same offenses. however, we noticed a positive interactive effect of the proportion of female street level officers and female officers at the intermediate level on rape arrests. these results imply that promoting female representation across different hierarchical ranks in police organizations will help to ensure the benefits of representative bureaucracy. 14. title: decision makers, advisers or educable subjects? policymakers' perceptions of citizen participation in a nordic democracy. authors: koskimaa, vesa; rapeli, lauri; himmelroos, staffan. abstract: the perceived disconnect between policymaking elites and citizens has intensified demands for citizen engagement in democracies, but we know little about policymakers' attitudes towards increased citizen involvement. this study presents an in depth, mixed methods analysis of participatory views of politicians, public officials, and interest group representatives in finland. we first utilize a uniqu "#'() 4mnv��ʸʦʸ��qi\n@3nhj�5�ojqj^jo(h�h�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(#hp�hp�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�h�5�cjojqj^jaj#h��h��5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#hf�hf�5�cjojqj^jaj()*n�* , � 6�� !)!�&�&='z(��gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�gd�l$gd%j,gdltgdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4vw��&& ( * , . 2 > @ � � � � 56?@��ⱥ��y�ky]mky�mk?��hih�l$ojqj^jo(hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�h�5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h�h�ojqj^jo(h�h�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jhltht45�ojqj^jo(hlthlt5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j��!""��ɼ��{��m]�ob4hp�hp�ojqj^jo(hp�hp�ojqj^jh�)hto�ojqj^jo(hlthto�5�ojqj^jo(hlthlt5�ojqj^jhvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(hp�hp�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h�h%j,5�ojqjo(h�hu<�ojqj^jo(h�h�ojqj^jo(h�h�ojqj^j�� !!!!(!)!2!3!}$�&�&��yi�[m@2hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(hrdahrdaojqj^jhrdahrdaojqj^jo(h�)h$?�ojqj^jo(hlth$?�5�ojqj^jo(hlthlt5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(hrdahrda5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihanojqj^jhp�hp�ojqj^j�&�&�&�&�&�&<'='e'(x(z(�(�(r-s-t-u-w-]-^-��辰�蠐�tgy�l�>lhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�n�h�n�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�q�h�q�5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(z(s-t-�-�-�1�12k2�5�5h6�6�;�;�;m<>@?@�@�@-g.g�g��gd�s�gdxkqgd�_gdlz�gd !gd�)ggd�dwgd|�gd3@qgdr7agd)w�^-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�1�1�1�1�1�1�1��ǹ��rdyl>0lh|�h|�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�3�h�3�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jh�3�h�3�5�ojqj^j�122'2j2k2t2u2�5�5�5�5�566g6h6p6��ƿ��rewie;-ihvi�h�)g5�ojqj^jh !h !5�ojqj^jh�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h�dwh)w�5�ojqjo(h�dwh)w�ojqj^jo(h�dwh�dwojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jh|�h|�5�ojqj^jhvi�h|�5�ojqj^jh�dwh�dw5�ojqj^jp6q6�6�6�6�6�769�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;<l<��ǹ��ugyl>0y�hvi�hlz�5�ojqj^jhxkqhxkq5�ojqj^jhlz�5�ojqj^jo(hlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h !h)w�5�ojqjo(h !h)w�ojqj^jo(h !h !ojqj^jo(h !h !ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(l<m<v<w<=@>@?@a@c@i@j@�@�@�@�@�@a ab f,g��ǹ��xj\�n��@�hxkqhxkqojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jhvi�h�_5�ojqj^jhxkqhxkq5�ojqj^jh�_5�ojqj^jo(h�_h�_5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(hxkqhxkqojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(,g-g.g0g2g8g9g�g�g�ghdhfhxhzhzj-l�n�n��˽ٯ��ugyl>l0h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�ooh�ooojqj^jo(h�ooh�ooojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jh[h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh�ooh�oo5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hxkqh)w�ojqj^jo(�gfh�n�n�o�o`ubujv�vd_f_p`�`��)�x��s��gd �gdmw�gdgd�s�gd)w�gd3@q�n�n�n�noo�o�o�o�o�o�oppr^u`ubufuju��輮̠��tfxk=2��h�~�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h11gh11gojqj^jh11gh11gojqj^jo(hih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jh�9�h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh11gh11g5�ojqj^jo(h�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(juvuxuhvjv|v�v�v�v�vz^b_d_f_h_j_n_��񸨚�qcu�h:h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(hh)w�5�ojqjo(hh)w�ojqj^jo(hhojqj^jo(hhojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jhh5�ojqj^jo(h�s�5�ojqj^jo(h�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jn_z_\_n`p`b`�`�`�`�`�bd�ބ��񸨚�~qoq~avi;4h �h �h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(uh�z�h�z�ojqj^jh�z�h�z�ojqj^jo(hih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jh[hmw�5�ojqj^jh�z�h�z�5�ojqj^jo(hmw�5�ojqj^jo(hmw�hmw�5�ojqj^je survey battery presented to representative samples of policymakers (n = 675) and ordinary citizens (n = 1701). we then perform a qualitative content analysis for 24 in depth interviews of high ranking policymakers to explore reasons for the observed attitudes. we find that while citizens strongly support participatory attitudes, policymakers are more skeptical, especially when participation threatens their control of the policy process. elite skepticism stems mainly from low trust in citizens' capacity to deal with complexity, and to relieve the pressure to engage citizens more elites support learning based methods. the broad citizen elite attitude gap may require re negotiating representative mandates in the future. 15. title: legislative capacity, bureaucratic reputation, and delegation from a trust perspective: a survey experiment. authors: zhang, jiasheng; yang, kaifeng; li, hui. abstract: challenging the assumptions of the principal agent theory, the recent bureaucratic politics literature contends that politicians do not necessarily have weaker capacities and bureaucrats are not necessarily bad apples. what this means for the delegation decision remains underexplored, particularly regarding how legislative capacity and bureaucratic reputation jointly affect delegation. we examine this issue with a trust perspective and a survey experiment of city mayors. treating bureaucratic reputation as individual trustworthiness and perceived legislative capacity as institutional trustworthiness, we find they interact in complex ways in influencing delegation. when bureaucratic reputation is high, perceived legislative capacity is not associated with delegation. perceived legislative capacity matters only when bureaucratic reputation is low, and high capacity relates to greater delegation willingness than when capacity is not considered. the findings have implications for studies on delegation, discretion, and bureaucratic reputation. 16. title: women's leadership and the gendered consequences of austerity in the public sector: evidence from imf programs. authors: reinsberg, bernhard; kern, andreas; heinzel, mirko; metinsoy, saliha. abstract: during times of economic turmoil, women often bear the cost of cuts in public spending and labor market deregulation. we argue that the adverse gendered consequences of austerity are mitigated when women occupy more political leadership positions. we test our argument using two independent sources of evidence. first, we use cross country time series data for 95 countries from 2000 to 2018 on public sector employment outcomes and panel regressions to show that women leaders mitigate the adverse consequences of imf programs for women in the public sector. second, we use individual level data from the world values surveys covering 50 countries from 2004 to 2015 to show that women in the public sector are more likely to fear job loss and endure income loss under imf programs when the women share in the government of their country is low but that these adverse effects disappear once women are represented in the government. these results have important implications for debates on women's leadership as well as the impact of austerity on the public sector. 17. title: the untold story of the world's leading environmental institution: unep at fifty. authors: beaudoin, simon. abstract: "the untold story of the world's leading environmental institution: unep at fifty" by maria ivanova provides a well-documented and expert analysis of the united nations environment programme (unep). the book explores unep's successes, challenges, and opportunities over its nearly 50-year history, offering valuable insights into global environmental governance. ivanova's research highlights the factors that have shaped unep, including its dual mandate, interlinked environmental issues, and its location in nairobi, kenya. the book also examines the role of unep's executive directors in shaping the institution. while the book could have delved deeper into unep's operational activities and its place within the un system, it provides a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and activists interested in global environmental politics. 18. title: the emergence and revival of charismatic movements: argentine peronism and venezuelan chavismo. authors: oliveros, virginia. abstract: in the article "the emergence and revival of charismatic movements: argentine peronism and venezuelan chavismo," caitlin andrews-lee examines the survival of charismatic political movements without strong organizations or consistent political projects. focusing on peronism in argentina and chavismo in venezuela, andrews-lee argues that these movements endure by periodically reactivating their foundational charismatic nature. this is possible because the original charismatic attachment creates a political identity that polarizes society, allowing new leaders to portray themselves as symbolic reincarnations of the founding leader. andrews-lee supports her argument with mixed methods research, including public opinion surveys, interviews, and archival research. 19. title: contemporary state building. elite taxation and public safety in latin america. authors: romero, vidal. abstract: "contemporary state building" by gustavo flores-mac�as explores the funding of public security in latin american countries and the conditions under which wealthy elites can be effectively taxed to improve state performance in this area. the book examines case s��ȉʉ�� ⱥ��rdwi>1h�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�-�h�-�ojqj^jh�-�h�-�ojqj^jo(hih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh �5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jhmw�h �5�ojqj^jh[h �5�ojqj^jh�-�h�-�5�ojqj^jh �5�ojqj^jo(h �h �5�ojqj^j��(�)�2�w�x��ؕ�� ȸ��~pcucg.h�r�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hm�hm�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(hi�hi�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jhmw�hjmi5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hi�hi�5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(��t�q�|�}�؞�q�r��®��ñıʊǳɱʱ̱ͱαϱ��gd�gd��gd�z2gd3@qgd)w�t�]�p�q�z�{�{�|�}��מ؞��ŷ��vh[m?h�/�h3@qh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�r�h�z25�ojqj^jh��h��5�ojqj^jh�z25�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�z25�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h�r�h)w�ojqj^jo(hm�hm�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh3@qh�7a5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^jhmw�h�7a5�ojqj^j��p�q�r�t�v�\�]��®ˮ̮��ɼ��s��eu�g:h�}hh�}hojqj^jhmkxh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h3@qh3@q5�ojqj^j"h�r�h)w�5�ojqj\�^jajh# yh# y5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h��h)w�ojqj^jo(uh��h��ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(tudies from countries such as colombia, costa rica, el salvador, and mexico to understand the determinants of success in taxing business people for public security. it also discusses the historical context of state formation in latin america and the challenges faced by elites in contributing to state building. the book opens up avenues for further research on the goods financed by business contributions and the potential negative externalities of such funding. overall, it provides valuable insights into the struggle for revenue and the performance of states in ensuring public security. 20. title: the rise and fall of imperial china: the social origins of state development. authors: wang, erik h. abstract: "the rise and fall of imperial china" by yuhua wang explores the connection between the social structure of political elites and the capacity and stability of nations. wang focuses on the decline of china's state capacity over the second millennium ce and the weakening of the late imperial state. he presents evidence from multiple datasets and historical sources to support his argument. wang's theory centers on elite social networks and the "sovereign's dilemma" they create. the book combines macro narrative with micro-quantitative evidence and offers insights for studying comparative politics using china as a case. overall, "the rise and fall of imperial china" is a significant contribution to the literature on state-building and state capacity. ��±ıűǳȱʱ˱αϱ��h}�jh}�uh�h�hj<ojqj^jo( 01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s��s2�� 0@p`p��2(�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p��8x�v~�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ��$؞��k=�w[sobi��bnf�h�&��ŝ�]�6��ҩ��n=��in��a7��qb&>!"�h [�� lx�z)��w�v�og�%�ţ|8mă#�/��8��'��=��q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl��%�� n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i�bcax��/=xe��'5��&\�h�4da��,ye\}�)�l�a��r�^��*�z��y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c��w��r�b��*i�v�u�r��u��|�nc`�|��*^��pk! ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m �0��wooӻ�&݈э��5 6?$q�� ,.�a��i��c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt��8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p��8�g/]�qasم(��#��l�[��pk-!��[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��60_rels/.relspk-!ky��theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!��f��theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-! ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]� �[�� v��&^-�1p6l<,g�njun_�� t��ϱ245679:;<=?@apqrtuyz(�g�ϱ38>s�@� @��h ��0�( � ��0�( � ��b �s�� ?� z�:;st�� " ,4mn/0� � � � ��rv� � ��vw��qz ��"�"##f$g$�$�$�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�')!),�,m.n.�.�.�.�./181:1b1d1i1�2�2�5�5 6&6w6x677"9#93949m9p9r9z9�9�9�;<�<�<3=4=j=k=k>l>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�?�?@@>a?awaxa�b�bcc:c;c�c�codpd�h�h�h�h�h�h�hiiibjcjojpj�j�j`kakn%nwn�n-o6ouq}q�q�qrr�r�ruu[uy$y�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[*n�?xhe6(6�m�mq�quu�x�x�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[ "##''hw��hhqd^^��"!#�'�'z,�,�0�0/1q16'6m9�9�>�>�cd�hi�m�m�q�quu�x�x�x�x�x�x�[�[�[��q04e��n[g],-�o��`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i� u�w$7l={u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~�� {r�v�4�1l2q �"�iaha��og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*�7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib�k�>!]�.�` rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a 6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[� k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~� ��y��<� �k� ?i�� *�?=��#??*�@�4l~��oqle�dw" ��z�g�kd�2�^e�-h�x�w��t�bs &�x�-z�y��w�i�>�:-��u kkkkdw" q�x�-h� k^r� �^�vxb� �=#�/y�pur �� 'ff�x�#n�[c-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��fv��-*m��p�'�e��4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&��` [� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"��[��h�2�c[�d��t��w�8i� (f�tl(��}�t�a9�~�8��7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d� )r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v��/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#��<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h� d�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y]z)hcun��r�-��.��zf�7�� e�o[kh,~�hmpm~�mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t an�gap�y8��x��s��d��z��j�vzq��t\ ~��av'po�_m4�i�w��tkpb�` rq1��yn�pur �p}�� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l��!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#�� i3#�#?�=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#��2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��v�#�9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'�&g0%�?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w(r�@�~d:(�_(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e��w)!,�f��)�nlyd#�)@& q��)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^s*k�j�*�^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�� {p��c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d��,�>m��x�,�{u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc��-x*�y��->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|��y/ds}��/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��e��1fw2 �z��>2"o�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�r�2tf�e�h�2n�~�z3|.�36d�w�3ui�� 3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^� -a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5 -a5�a 6�`d�#6ghch��u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?��?=!lb�s�? u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��^�@�d�a�z�@z]%�uahag;��:a�s6ay8��doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an��d�a�a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\��ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c��e�<� hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y��f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q�q��qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwr� {r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� (u�r�$atxcs�#sw/�=fzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�o�sn�h�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s��,!u�rdi�$i>u��1@gku�u0 g�u��uxcs>�uc;�r}&v d�xyyv�d�^�v4�rs�vo�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y��x�3�:��o�x�#s^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv��nly�q�yv^mc��y<z�&xfk{z�kd �zhp��[�enx�:[�=�^�` [�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s��7y]�>aqs�]��c�]hv�i��]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�#3�_��h� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t a��&na[mk,�9a��q��a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t�3b@�z��)ib=!lb�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^��c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d6d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� *^ee��l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u �t�edu�efd�tf�e�&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f<z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=�z�g�-9h�k��hn�h?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkzl!{�?�klv:g��ul�ua�3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k��.�mz*�ma�� m�hn�y`�gn��!�g)nfr>��^^nv��,mn�kj>�nh#�n�gv'po� ��"�o�"�o6gp�e�oh��.�o�r��v�omg��o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&�@& q�dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ��qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to �v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�enx[�x,mnf�x&xn �x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7��yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o��z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{ hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s� u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\ ~�=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*��[c4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i��x��m�j��[�w�3`2 r� �p j^�/wl�n�_ati��;wb��.�h j<sh��tou]>s !�r#�l$�}&�m'�m(�)�g)%j,�p.�i/�2�z2'4t4.6�6*8;i8cj8�9�i;$b<�e=k&>e!@jj@r7arda�ec�nd�udvf11g0i4tj�kul%man�p3@q�%smkxgy�py�]�^ro_5a�7ahc 2e�lf�qf�)g�}hjmi�ckalthllmnnm}on�ooxkq[r�pslt0@ui1vyw�dw# yicy�x}�/�6q��q�wt��0��3�mw��=��=��`�j�nj��h��9�l�.~�v��=h��j��~�du�� =i�fj�to��z�4��m�m��2�)w��lz��y�p��c�7�u<�[��t��r��cb��^�v�]r��\�a�vi�|w�r��}��$?��n�� !�s/��8�*��-��_�$-��-��f��n�><��r��{��c�7"�y��s�?5��x�f��"�gl�bj�h��-�� "�l%�w�s �� p��f��y�2�i��y�b��e�`-�|��[�[�@� �@@@ @ � �kk��$�%�-�//1/2/3/5/6/8/:�;�=�?�@�b�c�d j l*v�[�@� �@��(@��0@��@@�"�h@�(�t@�8�t@�b��@�h�j��@�n�p�t��@�z�^�b��@��,@�x@��unknown��g��.�[x� �times new roman5��symbol3.��.�[x� �arial7.��[ @�verdana;��(�[sosimsuna��$b�cambria math 1��h;"�f��g�� 3n.�� 3n.�q-!),.:;?]}�� & 6"0000 00 00000�� =�@�\�]�^��([{� 0 000000��;�[��[�[ 2�q��hp��?��"�2!xx��_<��userlib-x�� oh�� '��0t�� (4<dl�usernormallib-x195microsoft office word@f��5@�y��\�@��w�d�� 3n�� ՜.�� ,��0� x`t|��microsoft�.�[ !"#$%&'()* ,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz��\]^_`ab��defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��root entry�� f��k��d��data ��[1table��c�[worddocument��2�summaryinformation(��documentsummaryinformation8��compobj��n�� fmicrosoft word 97-2003 �ĵ� msworddocword.document.8�9�q