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research studying the role of gender in prosocial behavior, such as charitable giving and volunteering. we provide an extensive review of the interdisciplinary literature and derive hypotheses about three different pathways that lead men and women to differ in their display of giving and volunteering: pathways through social capital, motivations, and resources. we test these hypotheses across 19 countries by analyzing 28,410 individuals, using generalized structural equation models. our results support previous research, conducted in single countries, that there are distinct different pathways that lead men and women to engage in giving and volunteering: women report stronger motivations to help others, but men report more of the financial resources that make giving and volunteering possible. the gendered pathways to giving and volunteering that lead through social capital, educational achievement, and financial security vary by country. 2. title: no strings attached: philanthropy, race, and donor control from black power to black lives matter authors: claire dunning abstract: this article examines a moment of crisis and experimentation in philanthropy from the late 1960s to analyze how race shapes philanthropy. specifically, it considers two giving circles in boston launched as a linked funding initiative to address economic and racial inequality: (a) a group of wealthy, white suburbanites who started the fund for urban negro development to direct donations with �no strings attached� to the other, (b) the boston black united front foundation, an entity started by black power activists in the city. using archival records of the two groups, i analyze their efforts to decouple hierarchies of race and giving in funder�grantee relationships, and connect scholarship on african american history and philanthropy to that on donor control. i frame the notion of �no strings attached� giving as relative and shaped by positioning and identity in ways that produce multiple understandings of the material and abstract �strings� of philanthropy. 3. title: let�s give together: can collaborative giving boost generosity? authors: jason d. e. proulx, lara b. aknin, alixandra barasch abstract: a growing number of people donate to charity together with others, such as a spouse, friend, or stranger. does giving to charity collectively with another person�called collaborative giving�promote generosity? existing data offer unsatisfactory insight; most studies are correlational, present mixed findings, or examine other concepts. yet, theory suggests that collaborative giving may increase generosity because giving with others could be intrinsically enjoyable. we conducted two well-powered, pre-registered experiments to test whether collaborative giving boosts generosity. in experiment 1 (n = 202; 101 dyads) and experiment 2 (n = 310; 155 dyads), pairs of unacquainted undergraduates earned money and were randomly assigned to donate collaboratively (experiments 1�2), individually in each other�s presence (experiments 1�2), or privately (experiment 2). across studies, we observed no condition differences on generosity. however, collaborative (vs. individual) giving predicted greater intrinsic enjoyment, which, in turn, predicted larger donations, suggesting a promising potential mechanism for future research and practice. 4. title: npo web-based accountability: how can we know if npos are doing good things? authors: vien chu, belinda luke abstract: this study develops a comprehensive but practical framework for not-for-profit organization (npo) web-based accountability involving (a) disclosure of operations, financial performance, and social performance, and (b) dialogue; and investigates it in the practices of five australian npo award finalists and 160 npos more broadly. the findings highlight npos� web-based accountability focused on operational disclosure, promoting npos� activities and mission. however, financial and social performance disclosure was lacking, despite financial performance information being publicly available on the government regulator�s website. furthermore, the use of online platforms to promote dialogue and exchange was limited. the study suggests that regulatory requirements play an important role in strengthening npos� accountability, and the lack of social performance reporting means it is still unclear what �good things� npos are doing. 5. title: examining the efficacy of accountability systems in preventing nonprofit misconduct: a look beyond financial fraud authors: meeyoung lamothe, ani ter-mkrtchyan, travis b. ruddle, kayleigh kuyon abstract: the purpose of our study is to broaden the investigation of nonprofit misconduct beyond financial fraud perpetrated by individual actors and to identify structural features that are more or less likely to be associated with actual misconduct. we utilize the charity navigator advisory system and related press releases to identify 215 nonprofit organizations with confirmed or alleged misconduct. we also collect the irs form 990 information for 133 out of the 215 organizations with known misconduct and 150 organizations without known misconduct to compare their accountability structures. our findings suggest that, while financial fraud committed by individual perpetrators against their organizations is the most frequently identified type of misconduct, a substantial number of other types of misbehaviors also commonly occur. our comparison analysis indicates that organizations with known misconduct deviate significantly from scandal-free charities in several structural aspects. 6. title: structure, people, and relationships: a multidimensional method to assess museum resilience authors: mara cerquetti, eleonora cutrini abstract: this article proposes a multidimensional method for measuring and evaluating museum resilience holistically. the research highlights the lack of a framework for understanding the level of resilience in museums and the contribution of museums to resilience. to this end, a model is presented based on three enabling dimensions, namely, structure, people, and relationships. the model is applied to the museums of the marche region�s �seismic crater� (italy). qualitative information and data drawn from the regional authority�s museum information system were evaluated using exploratory analysis techniques. on the basis of a cluster analysis, four categories of museums are identified according to their degree of resilience. the results suggest that human resources is an area that is commonly in need of upgrading. nevertheless, the evidence on the heterogeneity of the clusters in terms of structure and relationships calls for a diversified approach to identifying priorities, investments, and public policies. 7. title: the role of implicit biases and explicit attitudes toward the poor in donation choices authors: joey fung, winnie fung, aaron israel rosales, joel jin, ramanda mallery pettit abstract: we examined how individuals� implicit biases and explicit attitudes toward the poor may be associated with the types of social programs people chose to give to. participants included 112 students. when people believed that poverty is due to internal causes (e.g., people are lazy) or if they held implicit biases that the poor are irresponsible, they were more likely to avoid unconditional cash transfer (uct) or in-kind donation (ikd) and choose conditional cash transfer. when people believed that poverty is due to external (e.g., poor economy) or cultural causes (e.g., born poor), they were more likely to choose uct or ikd. people�s affective/positive feelings toward the poor using implicit and explicit measures were not associated with donation choice. our study highlighted differences between affective feelings versus cognitive beliefs about the poor, and that both implicit and explicit forms of cognitive beliefs can be associated with one�s giving choices. 8. title: governing for whom? the link between representative governance and segregation in north carolina�s charter schools authors: jessica sherrod hale, emily finchum-mason abstract: market-based reforms have become pervasive in the public sector, generating a vigorous debate about whether they promote public goals like effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. nonprofit organizations are not only instrumental in the market for public services but also play important representative roles in democratic society. this article uses guo and musso�s theory of representative governance to examine how representation and participation in nonprofit governance influence representational outcomes in marketized environments. leveraging the conflicting interests that nonprofit charter schools face in a geographic region marked by segregation, this article examines whether a nonprofit charter school�s representative capacity improves representational outcomes. findings suggest that, on average, charter schools in the sample employed few mechanisms to increase representative capacity and that lower descriptive representation was linked to segregating outcomes rather than representational outcomes. 9. title: the antecedents of nonprofit board interlock: a longitudinal examination on network structure, homophily, and organizational attributes authors: nara yoon abstract: a board interlock creates interorganizational networks where organizations are interconnected via overlapping board of directors. board interlock is important for nonprofits because of its potential to impact organizational performance through the flow of information, resources, and status. while much is known about the consequences of board interlock, little is known about the mechanisms underlying its antecedents. this study explores three types of predictors of board interlock: organizational, dyadic, and structural characteristics. inferential network analysis of a 17-year-period panel of nonprofits demonstrates that network relationships are shaped by the existing network structures, such as the tendency for preferential attachment (e.g., a social preference to connect with those who are already well connected) and transitivity (e.g., a social preference to connect with friends of friends). findings inform nonprofit leaders about how to bridge to a board interlock network by recruiting well-connected board members serving on multiple boards. 10. title: human service nonprofits providing services to sex workers: efforts to manage competing logics and ideologies from an inhabited institutions framework authors: theresa anasti abstract: human service nonprofits (hsnps) are primarily responsible for addressing prominent social problems such as poverty, homelessness, addiction, and mental health. as such, they vary considerably in their service provision to their marginalized clients. in this paper, i use the theories of institutional logics and inhabited institutions to highlight how individual actors within hsnps translate different institutional logics in service provision. using qualitative interviews from 38 hsnp managers working with sex workers, i focus on competing logics and gender ideologies that influence hsnps. findings show that despite conflict between different gender ideologies, hsnp employees discover merits in combining logics and ideologies, discovering ways to reinterpret these at the ground level in conjunction with social relationships and interactions in the field. the implications around the role of individual agency and meaning-making in nonprofit dynamics, as well as a reflection upon what this means for hsnps and their work, is discussed. 11. title: engagement in civil society and different forms of social trust in the aftermath of the european refugee crisis authors: susanne wallman lund�sen abstract: this study examines the extent to which engagement within civil society relates to various forms of social trust among residents in local communities that received varying shares of asylum seekers during the european refugee crisis of 2015 to 2017. the study is based on a representative survey collected from individuals within 36 local swedish communities that received very different shares of asylum seekers. the result suggests that engagement in civil society organizations moderates community trust under conditions of increased diversity. outgroup trust varies with the share of asylum seekers only among those not involved in civil society. the results also suggest that involvement in civil society does not moderate generalized trust if the share of asylum seeker varies. 12. title: the advocacy universe: a methodology to identify politically active 501(c)(4) organizations authors: margaret a. post, elizabeth t. boris, carol l. stimmel abstract: this article provides a framework that defines politically active 501(c)(4)s organizations and describes a methodology for identifying them among more than 80,000 social welfare organizations. we estimate that approximately 15% of (c)(4)s likely pursue advocacy or political action, while most are engaged in unrelated activities. understanding the distinctive features of the social welfare sector and the politically engaged organizations within it are essential tasks for nonprofit scholars, yet the methodological and empirical challenges are complex and significant. to date, there has been no systematic study of the nature and efficacy of these organizations. we create a multistage methodology that allows researchers to identify politically active (c)(4)s and to investigate subgroups focused on different policy issues and with different member groups. this article summarizes how we identify organizations and strategies needed to reveal whether an organization is engaged in political activities. we explain the approach we took and the challenges we encountered.     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