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volume 89, issue 4, august 2024
1. title: the avoidance of strong ties
authors: mario l. small, kristina brant, maleah fekete
abstract: theorists have proposed that a value of close friends and family�strong ties�is the ability to confide in them when facing difficult issues. but close relationships are complicated, and recent studies report that people sometimes avoid strong ties when facing personal issues. how common is such avoidance? the question speaks to theoretical debates over the nature of �closeness� and practical concerns over social isolation. we develop an approach and test it on new, nationally representative data. we find that, when facing personal difficulties, adult americans are as likely to avoid as to talk to close friends and family. most avoidance is not actively reflected on but passively enacted, and, contrary to common belief, is not limited to either specific network members or particular topics, depending instead on the conjunction of member and topic. building on simmel, we propose that a theory of the fundamental need to conceal and reveal helps account for the findings. we suggest that there is no more empirical justification for labeling strong ties as those who are trusted than for labeling them as those who are avoided. in turn, isolation might be less a matter of having no intimates than of having repeatedly to avoid them.
2. title: collaborating on the carceral state: political elite polarization and the expansion of federal crime legislation networks, 1979 to 2005
authors: scott w. duxbury
abstract: lawmakers are routinely confronted by urgent social issues, yet they hold conflicting policy preferences, incentives, and goals that can undermine collaboration. how do lawmakers collaborate on solutions to urgent issues in the presence of conflicts? i argue that by building mutual trust, networks provide a mechanism to overcome the risks conflict imposes on policy collaboration. but, in doing so, network dependence constrains lawmakers� ability to react to the problems that motivate policy action beyond their immediate connections. i test this argument using machine learning and longitudinal analysis of federal crime legislation co-sponsorship networks between 1979 and 2005, a period of rising political elite polarization. results show that elite polarization increased the effects of reciprocal action and prior collaboration on crime legislation co-sponsorships while suppressing the effect of violent crime rates. these relationships vary only marginally by political party and are pronounced for ratified criminal laws. the findings provide new insights to the role of collaboration networks in the historical development of the carceral state and elucidate how political actors pursue collective policy action on urgent issues in the presence of conflict.
3. title: civic lessons that last? religiosity and volunteering on the way to adulthood
authors: chaeyoon lim, dingeman wiertz
abstract: recent religious declines in the united states are for a large part driven by the growing number of americans who were raised religiously but left religion in the transition to adulthood. nonetheless, their views and behaviors may still be influenced by their religious upbringing. we explore such legacy effects by examining how changing religiosity during the transition to adulthood influences volunteering among young adults. analyzing panel data from the national study of youth and religion, we estimate two types of effects: effects of cumulative religious trajectories in youth, and effects of religiosity in youth that are not mediated by religiosity in adulthood. we find that histories of religious involvement shape volunteering in adulthood, but the precise nature of such effects varies across dimensions of religiosity and types of volunteering. religious service attendance in youth promotes volunteering in adulthood mostly indirectly, through influencing religiosity in adulthood, and exclusively for activities organized by religious groups. by contrast, religious identification in youth promotes volunteering in adulthood also through other channels, and its effects on secular volunteering may persist even when people are not religious in adulthood. we discuss the implications of these findings in light of ongoing declines in religiosity in the united states.
4. title: the �dark side� of community ties: collective action and lynching in mexico
authors: enzo nussio
abstract: lynching remains a common form of collective punishment for alleged wrongdoers in latin america, africa, and asia today. unlike other kinds of collective violence, lynching is usually not carried out by standing organizations. how do lynch mobs overcome the high barriers to violent collective action? i argue that they draw on local community ties to compensate for a lack of centralized organization. lynch mobs benefit from solidarity and peer pressure, which facilitate collective action. the study focuses on mexico, where lynching is prevalent and often amounts to the collective beating of thieves. based on original survey data from mexico city and a novel lynching event dataset covering the whole of mexico, i find that individuals with more ties in their communities participate more often in lynching, and municipalities with more highly integrated communities have higher lynching rates. as community ties and lynching may be endogenously related, i also examine the posited mechanisms and the causal direction. findings reveal that municipalities exposed to a recent major earthquake�an event that tends to increase community ties�subsequently experienced increased levels of lynching. importantly, i find that interpersonal trust is unrelated to lynching, thus showing that different aspects of social capital have diverging consequences for collective violence, with community ties revealing a �dark side.�
5. title: advancing stratification research by measuring non-declarative cultural capital: a national population-based study combining iat and survey data
authors: jeroen van der waal, willem de koster, tim van meurs, kjell noordzij, joost oude groeniger, julian schaap
abstract: cultural capital is a central concept in stratification research. crucial to the bourdieusian habitus, upper strata familiarity with the dominant culture is assumed to be ingrained via socialization, allowing its members to smoothly navigate educational institutions and higher segments of the labor market. although cultural capital is deemed partially implicit, such �non-declarative� or �embodied� cultural capital has largely escaped empirical scrutiny; arguments about its importance are typically post hoc interpretations of associations between measures of declarative cultural capital (survey items on elite cultural consumption) and variables of interest. to advance stratification research, we developed tools to empirically capture non-declarative cultural capital: implicit association tests (iats) measuring (1) positive association and (2) self-identification with elite culture, embedded in a survey fielded among a high-quality panel representative of the dutch population (n = 2,436). we find our iats validly measure non-declarative cultural capital. as expected, scores are only weakly coupled with declarative cultural capital, and associated with (parental) socioeconomic position. using these iats liberates non-declarative cultural capital from its deus ex machina status and answers the black-box critique of the bourdieusian habitus as an explanation for socially stratified patterns across a range of fields.
6. title: white-collar opt-out: how �good jobs� fail elite workers
authors: mustafa yava_
abstract: why do elite professionals leave hard-earned, privileged corporate careers? this article examines an underappreciated case of employee turnover, white-collar opt-out, which involves resignations that may not immediately lead to a similar job or life experience, but are instead followed by alternatives to fast-track careers, including seeking another occupation, stay-at-home parenting, or pursuit of leisure and self-exploration. drawing on 70 in-depth interviews with turkish professional-managerial employees of transnational corporations located in both istanbul and new york city, i examine their narratives about the quality of working life and their decisions to opt out through the lenses of worker consent and alienation. i identify t$&./17:<=>?@���
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