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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��|bjbj�n�n2��a��a�t ��""��8�le$�.pl��o�o�o�o�o�o�o$�q�ptf�o��o��4�o��o��o��@^5�2��o�o0.p��t�@�t��/�t��l��o�o��.p��t��"qs: world development volume 150, issue 2, february 2022 1. title: the impact of cash transfers on syrian refugee children in lebanon authors: wael moussa, nisreen salti, alexandra irani, rima al mokdad, hala ghattas. abstract: this paper evaluates the impact of multi-purpose cash assistance on syrian refugee children living in lebanon. using a sharp multidimensional regression discontinuity design, we estimate the program impact of varying cash assistance durations measured over two waves of household survey data collected in 2019. the novel research design enables us to make pairwise comparisons between children from discontinued recipient households (received cash for 12 months then got discontinued in the next cash cycle), short-run cash recipient households (up to 10 months), long-term recipient households (between 16 and 22 months) and non-beneficiary eligible households. results show that children of any mpc recipient group are transitioning from non-formal to formal schooling while also shifting away from child labor. cash transfers improve health outcomes for pre-primary and school-aged children and reduce the likelihood of early marriage for girls aged 15�19 years. 2. title: impacts of cooperative membership on rice productivity: evidence from china authors: bin lin, xiaoxi wang, songqing jin, wanjiang yang, houjian li. abstract: productivity growth is essential for food security and sustainable development of agriculture. since rice is a major staple food in china, understanding factors affecting the performance of rice total factor productivity (tfp) is of great importance for china�s future food security. despite the growing importance of agricultural tfp, rigorous evidence-based studies on the impacts of cooperative membership on agricultural tfp, especially rice tfp, are scant, hindering the understanding about the potential contribution of agricultural cooperatives to tfp growth. this study examines the impacts of cooperative membership on rice productivity in china by using country-representative survey data from 2014 to 2018. an endogenous switching regression model is employed to account for selection bias. the empirical results show that cooperative membership has a positive and significant impact not only on rice tfp but also on tfp change, technical change and technical efficiency change. the results are robust to alternative choice of instrument variables. the effects of cooperatives on rice productivity are highly heterogeneous with regard to regions, farm scales and mechanization levels. rice tfp gains through cooperatives are larger for producers in the eastern and central regions, while the effect on tfp growth is the highest in the western region. regarding farm scales, cooperative membership has a positive and significant impact on rice tfp for small and medium farms but not for large farms. moreover, cooperatives help improve rice productivity for provinces with low mechanization level of producers. this study further explores the underlying channels through which cooperative membership impacts rice productivity, and identifies that mechanical cultivation, high-quality inputs and technical training appear to be the main channels. 3. title: coastal dilemma: climate change, public assistance and population displacement authors: susmita dasgupta, david wheeler, sunando bandyopadhyay, santadas ghosh, utpal roy. abstract: linkages among climate change�related environmental stress, public assistance, and the spatial pattern of population change are assessed for neighboring coastal areas of india and bangladesh. environmental stress is measured using historical cyclone impacts, salinization, and land loss from erosion. household migration decisions are based on current and expected future income streams in different locations. rising environmental damage raises costs, but it may also induce increased public assistance that moderates or neutralizes those costs, diminishing migration incentives, even in areas hard-hit by climate change. econometric estimates for the sundarbans region shared by india and bangladesh suggest that endogenous public assistance strongly dampens the migration response to rising environmental stress in both countries, though the assistance response and migration dampening are lower in bangladesh. a broader analysis for the coastal region from india�s odisha state to eastern bangladesh finds that present and past cyclone impacts are highly significant for explaining coastal population changes, although responses are lower in india because of lower environmental stress and greater public-assistance intensity. a counterfactual simulation suggests that, as a result of cyclones since 1970, the affected regions are 8�10% less populous in bangladesh but only 2% less populous in india. the paper�s findings motivate a discussion of the implications for alternative policy regimes as land erosion increases, and sea-level rise and salinization continue with climate change. after comparing the efficiency and equity of regimes that provide universal damage compensation or leave coastal households to fend for themselves, the paper suggests an alternative approach that focuses public resources on compensation for households that choose to relocate as the coastal threat mounts. 4. title: el ni�o and children: medium-term effects of early-life weather shocks on cognitive and health outcomes authors: arturo aguilar, marta vicarelli. abstract: the fact that shocks in early life can have long-term consequences is well established in the literature. this paper examines the effects of extreme precipitations on cognitive and health outcomes and shows that impacts can be detected as early as 2 years of age. our analyses indicate that negative conditions (i.e., extreme precipitations) experienced during the early stages of life affect children�s physical, cognitive and behavioral development measured between 2 and 6 years of age. affected children exhibit lower cognitive development (measured through language, working and long-term memory and visual-spatial thinking) in the magnitude of to sds. lower height and weight impacts are also identified. changes in food consumption and diet composition appear to be key drivers behind these impacts. partial evidence of mitigation from the delivery of government programs is found, suggesting that if not addressed promptly and with targeted policies, cognitive functioning delays may not be easily recovered. 5. title: to sell, not to sell, or to quit: exploring milk producers� approaches after a supply chain disruption in northwest cameroon authors: jennifer provost, gabriel rosero, bernhard br�mmer, eva schlecht. abstract: the northwest is the second largest milk producing region of cameroon. in bamenda, the region�s capital, the shutdown of the only milk processing plant in mid-2016 and political unrest later that year disrupted its dairy supply chain. producers had to decide whether to continue selling milk, to momentarily stop selling milk, or to quit the dairy business entirely. we investigate the approaches considered by producers in response to the supply chain disruption using household survey data from 2017 with 320 active and inactive dairy market participants. by means of binary and multinomial logit models, we examine household characteristics, farm resources, and institutional factors that may have driven producers� responses one year after the disruption. our analysis reveals that pastoral and sedentary milk producers should be examined separately. results show that livestock diversity, land titles, and dairy-focused trainings are helpful to sedentary producers to continue milk sales, whereas pastoral sellers are encouraged by greater access to production factors, and by being members of cooperatives. generally, younger producers in non-urban areas are most likely to remain milk sellers, regardless of production system. this study sheds light on producers� different approaches after supply chain disruptions and highlights farm-level factors that help them stabilize and maintain their livelihoods. this knowledge can contribute to the design of more appropriate mitigation strategies against the repercussions of such events in the future, particularly for cattle and dairy development programs. 6. title: risk and time preferences for participating in forest landscape restoration: the case of coffee farmers in uganda authors: hanna julia ihli, brian chiputwa, etti winter, anja gassner. abstract: in recent years, uganda has experienced widespread forest loss and degradation, mainly driven by agricultural expansion and rising demand for forest products. the adoption of agroforestry is regarded as one of the key strategies in forest landscape restoration in agriculture. while the benefits of agroforestry are widely acknowledged, adoption among smallholder farmers is sluggish. this study analyzes how individual risk and time preferences affect smallholder farmers� choice of attributes of companion trees within coffee agroforestry systems in the mt. elgon region in uganda. farmers� risk and time preferences are elicited using lottery-based experiments, whereas farmers� choices of preferred attributes for companion trees are determined using a discrete choice experiment. the data from the different experimental designs are combined to establish how risk and time preferences affect the decision to integrate companion trees into coffee farms. farmers� choices of tree attributes are analyzed based on random utility models, and farmers� risk and time preferences are measured using cumulative prospect theory and quasi-hyperbolic discounting. the results reveal that most farmers are both risk and loss averse with high discount rates (impatience), and they are willing to pay more for quality tree seedlings. analyzing the behavioral parameters in combination with discrete choice data on the preferred choice of tree attributes reveals a close association between farmers� aversion to risk and loss and high discount rates with preferences for trees that grow fast, improve soil fertility, and provide fuelwood. this study offers unique insights for researchers, extension officers, and policymakers, on how farmers� risk and time preferences and preferred attributes can be used to tailor agroforestry interventions to be attractive for farmers in different contexts in pursuit of broader forest landscape restoration goals. 7. title: the right to fail? problematizing failure discourse in international conservation authors: josephine m. chambers, kate massarella, robert fletcher. abstract: a growing body of critical research interrogates the tendency within international conservation circles to present interventions as successful, even when evidence points to substantial negative impacts. the flip side of this �selling� success is a growing emphasis on the importance of embracing and even celebrating failure. yet this important trend in international conservation policymaking has yet to be examined in depth. we address this research gap by first tracing the origins of the embracing failure narrative, linking it to the historical handling of failure in conservation and in fields such as business management and international development. we then explore the implications of this framing of failure for international conservation policy and practice by examining relevant policy literature and illustrative case studies in tanzania and peru. based on this analysis, we demonstrate how a �right to fail� can justify both continuing and discontinuing conservation interventions in highly problematic ways. we show how the framing of failure as a positive outcome for global learning can reduce accountability for significant and long-lasting negative consequences of failed interventions. furthermore, the emphasis on approaches to learning that employ narrow technical frames can depoliticize issues and limit possibilities to fundamentally question and transform dominant conservation models with histories of persistent failure. consequently, we argue that by affording interventions the �right to fail�, conservation actors with a stake in dominant models have taken control of failure discourse in ways that reinforce instead of undermine their ability to �sell� success amidst negative (or limited) local outcomes. while it is of course important to acknowledge failure in order not to repeat it, we caution against embracing failure in ways that may further exacerbate conservation injustices and hinder transformative societal change. we advocate instead for an explicitly political approach to addressing failure in conservation. 8. title: matching grants and economic activities among horticultural entrepreneurs: long-term evidence from rwanda authors: marup hossain, athur mabiso, alessandra garbero. abstract: matching grants can boost economic activities of small-scale producers by relaxing their credit or risk constraints. this study evaluates the impacts of a matching grants scheme targeted to horticultural enterprises in rwanda. the intervention scores and endorses a business proposal if the proposal scores above the cut-off endorsement score. following endorsement, if an entrepreneur receives and repays 50% of a loan taken for the proposed activity, the program matches the rest of the 50% of the loan. using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, we show that the overall intervention increases horticultural income of the households just above the endorsement cut-off compared to the households just below the cut-off. the intervention also increases wage and service income, labor employment, and asset holdings of the beneficiary households. our results indicate that matching grants interventions can have long-term positive impacts on the livelihoods of small-scale producers. 9. title: gender differences in gross national happiness: analysis of the first nationwide wellbeing survey in bhutan authors: ritu verma, karma ura. abstract: at a moment when market-oriented, techno-centric and consumption-led approaches prevail in response to otherwise complex socio-cultural and political-economic realities, innovative concepts from bhutan present an alternative bearing on equitable, sustainable and holistic development. elaborated in the 1970 s by the 4th king of bhutan, jigme singye wangchuck, gnh is encoded in bhutan�s constitution, the driving philosophy of its development process, and is gaining momentum as an alternative development approach globally. while gnh has been studied from various angles, the survey findings have not been analyzed from a gender perspective. recognizing this as a critical gap, this study seeks to better understand gender differences in bhutan. it does so through the disaggregation and analysis of the first gnh nationwide survey data, domains and indicators by gender, triangulation of the findings against secondary literature, and contextualization within contemporary debates about gender in the context of development. such an exercise is critical, given the disconnects that exist between perceptions of gender �neutrality� and �equality� based on women�s relatively strong position in certain areas, and the gnh data, which demonstrates gender differences in wellbeing in bhutan. our study finds that overall men are happier than women. men fair better in gnh domains such as education, psychological wellbeing, time use, governance, community vitality, whereas women do better in the domains of living standards and ecological diversity and resilience. several gender barriers exists, including social stigmas and attitudes that disadvantage women in terms of political participation, decision-making and status. such an analysis is timely, given the royal government of bhutan�s efforts to pro-actively address gender issues that crosscut the gnh domains and shape gender relations, culture and society. the study reflects on bhutan as a unique context for the study of gender and development, and highlights novel contributions that advance the field of development by studying gnh from a gender lens, and vice versa. 10. title: dams mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on hindus-muslims riots authors: sebastien mary. abstract: sarsons (2015) finds that, while agricultural income in india is less sensitive to rainfall in dam-fed districts, rainfall shocks have a larger (or equally large) effect on religious riots between muslims and hindus in dam-fed districts than in rain-fed districts. this is inconsistent with agricultural income being the sole channel through which rainfall affects religious conflict in india. in this comment, we show that this result originates from the use of state-specific time trends and interaction models. once we replace state-specific time trends with state-year fixed effects (in slit sample regressions) and allow state-year fixed effects to be different between rain-fed and dam-fed districts (in interaction models), we find that while (fractional) rainfall shocks affect agricultural production and religious violence in rain-fed districts, they have no effect on agricultural production and religious violence in dam-fed districts. in other words, dams fully mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on agricultural output and religious violence in the indian context. 11. title: can patients improve the quality of care they receive? experimental evidence from senegal authors: roxanne j. kovacs, mylene lagarde, john cairns. abstract: providers in many low and middle-income countries (lmics) often fail to correctly diagnose and treat their patients, even though they have the clinical knowledge to do so. against the backdrop of many failed attempts to increase provider effort, this study examines whether quality of care can be improved by encouraging patients to be more active during consultations. we design a simple experiment with undercover standardised patients who randomly vary how much information they disclose about their symptoms. we find that providers are 27% more likely to correctly manage a patient who volunteers several key symptoms of their condition at the start of the consultation, compared to a typical patient who shares less information. lower performance in the control group is not due to providers� lack of knowledge, an incapacity to ask the right questions, or a response to time or resource constraints. instead, providers� low motivation seems to limit their ability to adapt their effort to patients� inputs in the consultation. our findings provide proof-of-concept evidence that interventions making patients more active in their consultations could significantly improve the quality of care in lmics. 12. title: 'wasters, agnostics, enforcers, competitors, and community integrators': reclaimers, s@s, and the five types of residents in johannesburg, south africa authors: melanie samson, grace kadyamadare, lufuno ndlovu, marc kalina. abstract: within south africa�s recycling economy, informal waste pickers (also known as reclaimers) generate immense value for local waste management systems by diverting waste from landfills. however, official municipal separation at source (s@s) programmes, that task residents with sorting recyclables from their waste for separate collection, have failed to integrate reclaimers� unofficial collection system. this dislocates reclaimers, forcing them to work on the margins of municipal s@s programmes and forge separate links with residents to maintain access to recyclables. drawing on extensive qualitative research in johannesburg, south africa, this article reflects on how residents in three different residential neighbourhoods understood and interacted with reclaimers� unofficial collection system and the official s@s programme run by the city. our findings suggest that five types of residents emerge: wasters (who did not see the value in recycling), agnostics (who did not care who collected their recyclables), enforcers (who actively prevented reclaimers from accessing recyclables), community integrators (who gave their materials to reclaimers); and competitors (who supplemented their own income by selling recyclables). we argue that residents and reclaimers play active roles in shaping official s@s on the ground, and cannot be ignored when developing s@s programmes. furthermore, s@s and integration are inherently related, as they each target the same residents and the same recyclables, and therefore cannot be understood or addressed in isolation. unless a specific commitment is made to integrate s@s, s@s becomes a reclaimer dis-integration programme. these findings have broad implications for how s@s should be conceptualised, designed, and implemented. 13. title: are chinese cities getting smarter in terms of knowledge and technology they produce? authors: frank van der wouden. abstract: are chinese cities becoming smarter in terms of the knowledge and technologies they produce? for decades, the widely held believe in the global north is that china merely copies, imitates and only incrementally improves ideas. recently, this believe is increasingly being challenged. in this paper i quantify this process. using data from about 6,1 million patents and 60 million academic publications i examine the complexity of technologies and knowledge developed in major chinese cities and compare these to those produced in other global cities. the results show that (1) knowledge and technologies produced in chinese cities has increasingly taken a greater share of total output of global cities; (2) the quality of this output has increased over time; (3) chinese cities improve the quality of their knowledge output before increasing the quality of technology; and (4) only beijing, shanghai and shenzhen compete with other global cities in terms of the quality of output, suggesting emerging regional inequality within china linked to knowledge and technology production. not only is the size of the chinese economy increasing, so is the quantity and quality of its knowledge and technology output. 14. title: does chinese fdi in africa inspire support for a china model of development? authors: john f. mccauley, margaret m. pearson, xiaonan wang. abstract: chinese foreign direct investment (fdi) to africa is quickly becoming a centerpiece of china�s approach to promoting development overseas. to this point, however, little is known about the extent to which those investment projects inspire popular support for a china model of development in africa, or whether chinese fdi invites skepticism and concern among community members in the region. in this study, we investigate the effects of proximity to chinese fdi on local perceptions of china�s approach to development in africa. we geolocate 200 chinese investment projects, and we spatially connect those data to responses from over 35,000 georeferenced survey respondents across 21 countries. by comparing responses from those living near operational chinese fdi projects to responses from those living near eventual locations of chinese investment but where no project yet exists at the time of the survey, we determine the proximity effects of chinese fdi on views of the china model of development while accounting for the potential nonrandom location of those investment projects. the findings indicate that, on average, living near chinese fdi projects reduces support for a china model of development. furthermore, specific types of fdi projects evoke distinct evaluations of china�s presence. specifically, respondents living near manufacturing projects view infrastructure development as a positive contribution from china, whereas those living near resource-related projects express concerns about chinese land grabs and job threats. those living near service projects hold more mixed views. the results suggest that people living in close proximity to chinese fdi projects in africa are swayed less by global development narratives than by how those projects shape their everyday lives and experiences. 15. title: knowledge communities and policy influence in china authors: may farid, lori noguchi. abstract: how do citizen groups influence policy, particularly in political contexts thought to lack grassroots inputs into the policymaking process? predominant explanations focus on bargaining and mobilization around interests and identities, neglecting the role of ideas. emerging scholarship shows how knowledge�or epistemic power�shapes political decision making. this paper applies these advances to the chinese context to uncover how knowledge communities impact policy and governance. the paper draws on extensive longitudinal field research embracing chinese ngos, local officials, and policy research bodies. it presents three cases of cross-sector collective knowledge generation within the chinese context. in these cases, communities comprised of combinations of ngo staff, villagers, academics and officials interact around specific policy issues, generating knowledge and spurring policy innovations. the cases highlight the porous nature of sectoral boundaries that enable the formation of cross-sector communities, suggest an expanded notion of epistemic expertise and a broader conceptualization of knowledge production. in this way, the paper identifies mechanisms by which knowledge about development intersects with power structures and is then diffused. 16. title: challenging dominant sustainability worldviews on the energy transition: lessons from indigenous communities in mexico and a plea for pluriversal technologies authors: paola velasco-herrej�n, thomas bauwens, martin calisto friant. abstract: little research exists on how alternative understandings of sustainability and societal well-being, such as those developed by marginalized indigenous populations, can enrich and possibly challenge dominant visions of sustainability anchored in western discourses on sustainable development and ecological modernization. this paper addresses this research gap in the context of the transition towards low-carbon energy sources by addressing the following question: how do indigenous worldviews contrast with modernist visions of sustainability in the context of the energy transition? to do so, it first builds a conceptual framework contrasting modernist and indigenous sustainability worldviews. second, it applies this framework to the case of wind energy developments within the territory of three zapotec communities located in southern mexico, with the discussion relying on 103 interviews with key stakeholders, six focus groups and participant observation. results show that the zapotec sustainability worldview contrasts strikingly with wind developers� modernist propositions, which tend to reproduce the region�s past colonial arrangements in terms of cultural domination, non-recognition of indigenous identities and disrespect for local customs. this contrast has led to many conflicts and misunderstandings around wind energy projects. the paper concludes that different conceptualizations of sustainability must be recognized to ensure an inclusive and just energy transition, and advances the concept of �pluriversal technologies� to emphasize the need for technologies that embrace ontological and epistemological diversity by being co-designed, co-produced and co-owned by the inhabitants of the socio-cultural territory in which they are embedded. 17. title: china�s bri developmental agency in its own words: a content analysis of key policy documents authors: ana cristina alves, su-hyun lee. abstract: since its announcement in 2013, the belt and road initiative (bri) has inspired an ever-growing stream of literature cutting across several disciplines, with highest concentration of studies in the social sciences. unsurprisingly a great deal of these studies are concerned with the rationale behind this massive undertaking and its potential impact in the current world order. here a clear rift is apparent between those who think of it as a tool serving china�s geopolitical interests and rise at the world stage, and those who see it as a more nebulous and fragmented undertaking driven by domestic economic and political pressures. a similar concern is reflected in a smaller body of literature that looks at the bri from a development angle, the dominant inquiry line revolving around its likely impact in global development governance and the underlying neoliberal cooperation norms and practices. here too there is a clear divide between those who see china�s increasing development agency as a positive complement and those who perceive it in a direct collision course with the neoliberal aid paradigm. this dichotomy of interpretations project two contrasting images of china�s development agency that are often difficult to reconcile. this study contributes to this body of literature by providing a profile of china�s development agency according to its own words. since 2015 a raft of bri policy documents have been published by beijing to fill the initial void and regain control over the narrative. through a content analysis of key policy papers and speeches, we attempt to uncover what are the initiative�s aims, governance mechanisms, normative under pinnings, and targeted areas as per the official discourse. in doing so we hope to bring more clarity as to the nature of china developmental agency. based on our findings we argue that much like its domestic development model, china�s development cooperation approach is pragmatically hybrid with the rhetoric showing clear signs of convergence but also divergence with the dominant paradigm. the evolving discourse suggests a highly fluid approach and thus a work in constant progress, 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