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volume 52, issue 4, may 2023
1. title: innovation vs. standardization: the conjoint effects of eco-innovation and environmental management systems on environmental performance
authors: jesus valero-gil, jordi a. surroca, josep a. tribo, leopoldo gutierrez, ivan montiel
abstract: in this study, we first analyze whether firms' eco-innovation, manifested through green patents, improves environmental performance. then, we assess whether adopting environmental management systems (ems) that follow standardized guidelines enhances the potential of eco-innovation to improve environmental performance. to test our predictions, we build a unique firm-level dataset that combines global data on green patents, ems adoption, and performance from five different data sources. the data support the positive effect of eco-innovation on environmental performance. however, our results show that adopting ems, rather than strengthening the positive impact of eco-innovation on environmental performance, generates organizational rigidities that weaken the eco-innovation�environmental performance link. after conducting a set of qualitative post hoc interviews with elite informants, our surprising findings became more meaningful. furthermore, we conducted a set of additional tests to validate our results in different scenarios where organizational rigidities could be a pivotal factor in explaining environmental performance differences connected to eco-innovation. this study has relevant theoretical and practical implications for the design and adoption of ems and the conjoint dynamics between innovation and standardization practices to improve performance.
2. title: national core competencies and dynamic capabilities in times of crisis: adaptive regulation of new entrants in advanced technology markets
authors: afonso amaral, m. granger morgan, joana mendon�a, erica r.h. fuchs
abstract: the extent to which domestic industrial capabilities are essential in contributing to a nations' prosperity and national well-being is the topic of long-standing debate. on the one hand, globalization and the outsourcing of production can lead to greater productivity, lower product costs, and gains from trade. on the other hand, national capabilities have long been a source of competitiveness and security during times of war and other crises. we explore the importance of domestic industrial capabilities during crises through a comparative case study of two countries - spain and portugal - to the sudden spike in demand for the manufacture of mechanical ventilators brought on by the covid-19 pandemic. both countries had to work within the framework of eu regulations, but had very different internal competencies upon which to draw in doing so. in addition, mechanical ventilators serve as a particularly interesting context for study because they involve high risk (loss of patients' lives if incorrectly manufactured) and entering the market presents high entry barriers (including significant tacit knowledge in its production and use, and significant intellectual property embedded in proprietary software at large, established firms). to unpack the processes used by each country we leverage insights from 60 semi-structured interviews across experts from industry, healthcare workers, regulators, non-profit organizations, and research centers. we find that spanish regulatory measures were more effective, resulting in 12 times more new products receiving regulatory approval to enter the market. although neither country is known for their mechanical ventilator production, instrumental in informing the spanish regulatory and industrial responses was their internal knowledge base due to domestic experts and existing capabilities in ventilator production. we conclude by proposing new theory for how nations might identify important core competencies to enhance their dynamic (regulatory) capabilities in areas likely to be critical to their social welfare.
3. title: technological capability strength/asymmetry and supply chain process innovation: the contingent roles of institutional environments
authors: liwen wang, jason lu jin, kevin zheng zhou
abstract: despite the importance of process innovation in fostering supply chain competitiveness, existing studies primarily emphasize product innovation and overlook institutional environments. this study builds on the dyadic capability-based view and institutional theory to investigate how buyer's and supplier's technological capabilities jointly affect supply chain process innovation in china. we differentiate between two distinct dimensions, technological capability strength and technological capability asymmetry, and propose that technological capability strength negatively influences supply chain process innovation whereas technological capability asymmetry promotes such innovation. we also examine how formal (i.e., government intervention) and informal (i.e., guanxi importance) institutional factors moderate the effects of technological capability strength and asymmetry on supply chain process innovation. empirical analyses based on 157 buyer�supplier dyads in china offer strong support for our hypotheses, which provide important implications for the supply chain innovation collaboration literature and managerial practice.
4. title: firm exit from open multiparty alliances: the role of social influence, uncertainty, and interfirm imitation in collective technology development
authors: rand gerges-yammine, anne l.j. ter wal
abstract: this study examines exit dynamics in open multiparty alliances, an important form of interfirm collaboration that includes committee-based standard-setting organizations, research and technology consortia, and other types of open meta-organizations. open multiparty alliances differ markedly from more commonly studied dyadic alliances and closed multiparty alliances due to the open nature of membership and the broad diversity of firms that collaborate towards shaping the trajectory of emerging technologies in a sector. drawing from literature on interfirm imitation, we posit that under conditions of elevated uncertainty about the technologies under development and the ability of diverse alliance members to work together effectively, firms are subject to social influence from their industry peers and thus tend to imitate them in exiting open multiparty alliances. however, we also argue that firms that are central in the wider network of alliances have access to superior information on sector developments as well as key resources that immunize them from such social influence effects. analyses of the exit dynamics of the nine most influential open multiparty alliances that shaped the global mobile phone sector between 2000 and 2012 support our predictions. our findings contribute to research on interfirm collaboration in technology-intensive contexts, in particular on open collaboration between multiple partners.
5. title: gender diversity in firm ownership: direct and indirect effects on firm-level innovation across 29 emerging economies
authors: vartuhi tonoyan, christopher j. boudreaux
abstract: despite recent evidence linking various measures of gender diversity in the firm with firm-level innovation, we know little about the mediating channels underlying this relation. building on and extending the upper echelon and entrepreneurship literature, we address the following question: how, i.e., through which mediating channels does gender diversity in ownership-management gets at the heart of firm innovation? we use cross-sectional survey data collected in a random sampling of 7848 firm owner-managers across 29 emerging economies during 2012�2016 to test our hypotheses. our findings demonstrate both direct and indirect effects of our focal independent variable. specifically, firms with greater gender diversity in ownership are more likely to invest in r&d and rely upon external capital, with such differentials explaining sizeable proportions of higher likelihoods of overall innovativeness, as well as technological and non-technological innovation exhibited by their firms. our post-analytical extensions reveal gender diversity among the workforce and human-resource-management practices that support employees' creativity and learning as additional mediating channels through which gender diversity in ownership likely impacts firm innovation. furthermore, gender diversity in ownership allows firms from less-advanced emerging economies to catch up in their overall innovativeness with firms from more-advanced emerging economies.
6. title: green technologies and diversity in the knowledge search and output phases: evidence from european patents
authors: fabrizio fusillo
abstract: the aim of this study is to investigate technological diversity in the knowledge search and the knowledge output stages of the green inventive process. exploiting a large sample of european patent data, from 1980 to 2013, the paper explores the degree of diversity in green inventions, comparing the recombinant features of green technologies with a control sample of non-green technologies selected through propensity score matching techniques. empirical results suggest that green technologies show a higher degree of diversity of the knowledge sources and a higher technological diversity in how knowledge is effectively recombined. we further find that the green diversity premium is higher in the knowledge output phase than in the knowledge search phase. we conclude that the assessment of the role of technological diversity along the different phases of the invention process may improve the appropriate organization of innovative activities and policy design necessary for stimulating green technological developments and support a feasible sustainable transition.
7. title: hiding practices in employee-user innovation
authors: mia rosa hartmann, rasmus koss hartmann
abstract: recent research has demonstrated that employees can develop novel solutions to work-process-related problems that they experience directly, but in order for organizations to benefit from this form of user innovation (�employee-user innovation�), employee-developed innovations need to diffuse within the innovator's organization. this paper challenges the prevalent assumption in studies of employee-user innovation that employee-users readily reveal and diffuse their innovations. based on a grounded analysis of 117 innovations developed by rank-and-file workers that we identified during 32 months of ethnographic fieldwork in two police units and two military units in denmark, we show that employee-users frequently invest considerable effort in actively hiding their innovations. we (i) identify four distinct hiding practices that employee-user innovators enact, (ii) demonstrate how decisions about whether and how to hide are based on interpretations of a range of material and organizational conditions, and (iii) show how these decisions negatively impact the employee-user innovation process by impeding not just use and diffusion, but also the development of innovations. our findings carry implications for user innovation research, as well as for how we understand both covert innovation processes in organization and the relationship between bureaucratic organization and innovation.
8. title: knowledge path dependence, external connection, and radical inventions: evidence from chinese academy of sciences
authors: ningning zhang, dingyi you, le tang, ke wen
abstract: public research institutes (pris) have played an increasingly prominent role in leading radical inventions, which are considered a major source of long-term economic growth. however, there is little empirical evidence on the factors affecting radical inventions in pris, which have been at the forefront of scientific research and technological development. this study fills this gap by providing an empirical analysis of radical inventions at the chinese academy of sciences (cas), a conglomerate of pris in china. based on a newly compiled data set on cas patents, this study explores the effects of knowledge path dependence, external network connections, and their interactions on radical inventions in pris. our empirical findings reveal that knowledge path dependence negatively affects radical inventions; there is an inverse u-shaped relationship between external network connections and radical inventions, and weak external connections can alleviate the hindrance originating from knowledge path dependence, thus prompting radical inventions.
9. title: better educated children, better internet-connected elderly parents
authors: lei lei, dandan yu, yang zhou
abstract: despite its potential benefits, internet adoption among older adults has long lagged behind that of younger age groups. this paper examines how adult children�s education affects elderly parents� internet use. we exploit the arguably exogenous variation in children�s years of schooling induced by the enforcement of the compulsory education law around 1986 in china. using a sample of rural older adults from the china family panel studies, we find that one additional year of children�s education increases the probability of parents� internet use by 3.4 percentage points. the increase is driven by internet use via mobile devices rather than computers. parents with better-educated children are more likely to use the internet for study, social, and entertainment activities. the subsample analysis shows stronger effects of daughters� education, and the estimated effects of children�s education are larger for fathers or parents with relatively more education. we also provide suggestive evidence that better cognitive health might help explain the effects of children�s education.
10. title: vaccine technology transfer in a global health crisis: actors, capabilities, and institutions
authors: elize massard da fonseca, kenneth c. shadlen, helena de moraes achcar
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic, which featured international pharmaceutical firms seeking to build global manufacturing networks to scale-up the supply of vaccines, has generated heightened interest in understanding the role of firm-to-firm technology transfer. while considerable attention has been given to tracking the extent of international vaccine technology transfer, we know little about how partnerships were established and work in practice. understanding the challenges that such projects face, and how such challenges may be overcome, is crucially important. this paper provides an account of the partnership between the british-swedish multinational pharmaceutical company astrazeneca, the vaccine developer that has engaged in the most technology transfer and built the widest global manufacturing network, and bio-manguinhos, a public laboratory linked to brazil's ministry of health. the case study demonstrates the importance of capabilities and regulatory flexibility. moreover, the analysis highlights the role of political factors that affect the process of technology transfer, and innovation more broadly. because of the risks involved and the need to quickly mobilize existing capabilities and build new ones, as well as the imperatives of coordinating among manufacturing and regulatory processes and allocating resources to make such arrangements feasible, technology transfer projects need to be enabled politically. looking forward, the case study has implications for initiatives to expand technology transfer for broadened production of vaccines in the global south.
11. title: continuing patent applications at the uspto
authors: cesare righi, davide cannito, theodor vladasel
abstract: despite their growing importance for firm innovation strategy and frequent appearance in u.s. patent policy debates, how continuing patent applications are used remains unclear. turn-of-the-century reforms strongly limited opportunities to extend patent term and surprise competitors, but continuing applications have steadily risen since. we argue that they retain a subtle use, as applicants can file continuations to keep prosecution open and change patent scope after locking in gains with the initial patent. we document a sharp drop in parent abandonment and rise in continuations per original patent after the reforms. continuing applications are more privately valuable than original patents, are filed in more uncertain contexts, for higher value technologies, by more strategic applicants, and react strongly to the notice of allowance. the evidence supports a current strategic use of continuing applications to craft claims over time.
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