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volume 60, issue 14, november 2023
1. title: framing urban threats: a socio-spatial analysis of urban securitisation in latin america and the caribbean
authors: alexandra abello colak, melanie lombard, valeria guarneros-meza
abstract: in the context of growing concern with violence in latin american and caribbean cities this paper offers an analytical synthesis of urban securitisation which involves the construction of issues, spaces and populations as security threats. the synthesis contributes to debates on urban studies and critical security studies, which focus on neoliberalism as the driver of urban securitisation and militarisation as its main expression, by highlighting the embedded, contextualised and historically situated nature of securitisation and its multiple manifestations. the paper proposes a framework for the socio-spatial analysis of securitisation processes focusing on their causes, manifestations and consequences, while capturing their dialectic relation with cities� spatial characteristics. bringing together lefebvre�s conceptualisation of the social production of space with wacquant�s analysis of the penal-assistential state, and using secondary sources complemented by primary data from our research, the paper shows that urban securitisation in this region is contingent to four socio-spatial dimensions common to latin american and caribbean cities � segregation, territorial stigmatisation, overlapping insecurities and territorial struggles. using a multidimensional framework, the paper illustrates how unaddressed legacies of colonialism and notions of state power in the context of struggles with criminal actors have driven urban securitisation and diversified its targets and techniques beyond militarisation. under a securitising logic, programmes which often appear progressive are also shown to prejudice marginalised groups and undermine democratic values. the paper concludes with a call for further multidisciplinary analyses that account for the socio-spatial and historical particularities of contemporary forms of urban securitisation in this and other regions.
2. title: beyond the pale: fencing off parks for festivals
authors: andrew smith
abstract: pale is the old english word for fence, and the phrase �to go beyond the pale� means to stray beyond the limits of acceptable action. in this critical commentary i discuss whether the installation of temporary fencing in public parks to secure ticketed festivals is now beyond the pale. fences restrict access but they also affect how park spaces are perceived, used and managed. i use photographs taken in three different london parks to illustrate the materiality of these temporary structures, but also their aesthetic impact, symbolic significance and lasting legacies. i argue that temporary fences have enduring effects on parks and public spaces by discouraging everyday use, by preparing the ground for future incursions, and by normalising and festivalising barriers that restrict access. my commentary highlights the often overlooked importance of fences and illustrates the splintered and sequestered nature of contemporary cities � where citizens are increasingly fenced off.
3. title: income polarisation, expenditure and the australian urban middle class
authors: ilan wiesel, julia de bruyn, jordy meekes, sangeetha chandrashekeran
abstract: recent years have seen growing concern about the �hollowing out� of the middle class, due to processes of polarisation. in this paper, we examine different conceptualisations of polarisation, and introduce the concept of expenditure-adjusted polarisation that considers not only income, but also various key categories of expenditure at a household level: housing, groceries and meals, transport and energy. analysing longitudinal data from the household, income and labour dynamics in australia survey, we show that the australian society is significantly more polarised, with fewer middle-income households, when the relative size of income groups in a given year is based on expenditure-adjusted income rather than pre-expenditure income. such polarisation is particularly prominent when housing expenditure is considered and has distinctive spatial patterns. in contrast, our analysis finds no evidence of a temporal pattern of polarisation in australia between 2005 and 2019, with no substantial change in the size of income groups over time, regardless of which income measures are used. we argue that a more nuanced conceptualisation of polarisation, and its relation to processes of �hollowing out� and rising inequality, is needed to inform urban scholarship and policy.
4. title: queering utopia: pride walks in modernist chandigarh
authors: preetika sharma, kanchan gandhi, anu sabhlok
abstract: in this paper, we queer the understanding of urban spaces to move forward a utopian project. �let this be a new town unfettered by the traditions of the past, a step into the future�, proclaimed nehru about chandigarh. designed by le corbusier and his team in the 1950s, chandigarh was symbolically and materially meant to propel india into modernity. although built with the ideals of socialism and secularism, chandigarh is very much an elite city. this paper traces the queer pride parade initiated in the year 2013 to appreciate how non-normative groups challenge and subvert the planning of chandigarh. our attempt in this paper is to queer the utopian understanding of chandigarh. we do this through a reading of pride walks as disruptive moments that assign new possibilities and meanings to public spaces. technocratic solutions proposed as part of grand urban planning imaginations can never take us closer to utopia. instead, we argue, it is through disruptions caused by events like pride parades that we slowly inch towards utopia. in making the above argument, this paper pushes the boundaries of both queer theory and urban utopian imaginations.
5. title: examining the long-term influence of new deal era redlining on contemporary gentrification
authors: joseph gibbons
abstract: the new deal era�s home owners loan corporation (holc) programme has garnered notoriety for denying black communities financial investment based on their race through the practice known as redlining. it is possible that redlining influenced future investment in these neighbourhoods by making them more appealing to gentrifiers through creating a rent gap or increasing the percentage of non-white populations. to explore the link between holc redlining and gentrification, we drew upon a sample of 58 cities across the united states from the mapping decline project. we also leveraged historical census data collected by ipums and the longitudinal tract database, as well as data on urban renewal from renewing inequality to control for intervening factors. findings indicate that holc redlining can either directly or indirectly relate to gentrification depending on when gentrification begins. these findings encourage more consideration of the role of racist government policies in determining when gentrification will occur.
6. title: making sense of segregation: transitional thinking and contested space
authors: joanne murphy, sara mcdowell
abstract: in segregated societies space is typically a source of conflict and confusion. everyday geographies are often navigated through complex patterns of movement that are sensitive to the �other� and their spatial practices. individuals adjust and tailor their movements, in part, because of the fear of the unknown. this paper, using three embedded cases of interface communities in northern ireland, considers how processes of spatial �sensemaking� can reduce anxiety about contested spaces in deeply divided communities. the paper makes three important contributions. first it extends conceptualisations of sensemaking to a focused reading of geographical space in a divided society. this marks an important extension for a theory that until now has been largely confined to the organisational studies literature and provides a theoretical scaffolding with which to better understand individual and group responses to spatial contestation and division. second, it identifies how processes of sensemaking, married with what we term a �connecting methodology�, can instigate individuals to make, break and give sense to themselves and others around issues of past contestation and current disputes. finally, it argues that these interventions can occasion transitional thinking and new movement through contested space, an important contribution for those working and living in divided societies. the paper draws on data from a wider project on community commemoration in northern ireland which explore how individuals and communities collectively move through contested spaces. the process of sensemaking, we argue, can redefine the parameters for participatory methodologies and provide unique opportunities to break deadlocks in deeply divided societies.
7. title: change or stability in educational inequalities? educational mobility and school effects in the context of a major urban policy
authors: gijs custers, marjolijn das, godfried engbersen
abstract: urban areas are facing increasing social inequalities, which governments try to tackle with social policy. this study examines one of the most ambitious urban policies in the history of dutch policies that aims to increase educational attainment amongst disadvantaged children in one of the poorest areas in the netherlands. we investigate to what extent inequality in educational attainment based on parental education has changed during the first period of this programme. we further examine to what extent school characteristics affect educational attainment and how these effects relate to targeting disadvantaged areas for policy intervention. register data on the individual, school and area level were employed to study these issues. we find that the effect of parental education on secondary school attainment has been stable since the start of the programme, indicating that inequality has not decreased in the context of the programme. furthermore, several school characteristics, including socioeconomic status and retention rate, were relevant in explaining differences in educational attainment. we discuss the implications of our findings regarding the allocation of public resources for policy programmes based on area and school characteristics.
8. title: bottom-up cluster branding through boundary spanners: the case of the jingdezhen ceramics cluster in china
authors: di wu, neil m. coe
abstract: it is increasingly recognised that for clusters to evolve and initiate new developmental paths, they need to bring in various external resources, especially external human capital. however, external talent often has imperfect knowledge regarding distant places; hence, a key challenge for clusters is to overcome this lack of knowledge and unfamiliarity to ensure that external talent becomes aware of the cluster�s local assets and the possibilities for (re)locating there. it is thus important for clusters to engage in cluster branding: that is, to promote its assets �outwards� and to build-up a positive, renowned brand-name. while place branding is already an established theme in urban geography, cluster branding has hitherto been under-examined in the extant cluster literature in economic geography. moreover, both the well-researched place-branding literature and the limited cluster-branding literature tend to be primarily concerned with official, top-down branding, initiated by government agencies. this article, instead, shows that branding can also involve organic, bottom-up processes driven by the agency of diverse individual actors, working in tandem with governmental actors. through a case study of an arts and creative cluster, the jingdezhen ceramics cluster in china, it unpacks how resourceful individual actors � conceptualised as boundary spanners � have become powerful agents in increasing the cluster�s legitimacy and visibility in the relevant industries through their personal networks and mobility, thereby contributing to attracting external talent into the cluster. more specifically, the study identifies three bottom-up cluster branding mechanisms, namely: convening temporary clusters locally; participating in external temporary clusters; and representing through digital media.
9. title: comparative urbanism for hope and healing: urbicide and the dilemmas of reconstruction in post-war syria and poland
authors: joanna kusiak, ammar azzouz
abstract: this paper expands the repertoire of comparative urbanism by putting forward a method of �hopeful comparison�, in which we explore an asynchronous comparison between post-war poland and syria. similar to the way that polish architects used urban design as a �practice of hope� during the second world war, contemporary syrian architects are now drafting reconstruction plans even if their implementation does not seem politically possible. yet what role can an ethical, affective stance such as hope play in the methodology of comparative urbanism? in our comparative strategy the role of radical hope is threefold. first, it creates the comparative connection between two cities destroyed by urbicide, thus countering the destructive connectivities of war and, in case of syria, capitalism, and foregrounding resilience and human connection (which also opens up the potential of healing). second, radical hope provides a temporal reorientation of knowledge, redirecting the analysis from the traumatic past towards an open future. third, in this way a hopeful comparison becomes a practical tool for thinking through concrete ethical and political dilemmas concerning reconstruction and property regimes. how to think about reconstruction when the conflict is still ongoing, and, if the property system is now weaponised as part of the conflict, how to avoid inadvertently reproducing this violence in the process of property restitution and reconstruction.
10. title: land-use reforms and housing costs: does allowing for increased density lead to greater affordability?
authors: christina stacy, chris davis, yonah slifkin freemark, lydia lo, graham macdonald, vivian zheng, rolf pendall
abstract: we generate the first cross-city panel dataset of land-use reforms that increase or decrease allowed housing density and estimate their association with changes in housing supply and rents. to generate reform data, we use machine-learning algorithms to search us newspaper articles between 2000 and 2019, then manually code them to increase accuracy. we merge these data with us postal service information on per-city counts of addresses and census data on demographics, rents, and units affordable to households of different incomes. we then estimate a fixed-effects model with city specific time trends to examine the relationships between land-use reforms and the supply and price of rental housing. we find that reforms that loosen restrictions are associated with a statistically significant 0.8% increase in housing supply within three to nine years of reform passage, accounting for new and existing stock. this increase occurs predominantly for units at the higher end of the rent price distribution; we find no statistically significant evidence that additional lower-cost units became available or moderated in cost in the years following reforms. however, impacts are positive across the affordability spectrum and we cannot rule out that impacts are equivalent across different income segments. conversely, reforms that increase land-use restrictions and lower allowed densities are associated with increased median rents and a reduction in units affordable to middle-income renters.
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11. title: how cities learn: tracing bus rapid transit in south africa
authors: michele acuto, anders kirstein moeller, gaurav mittal, astrid wood
abstract: the article reviews the book how cities learn: tracing bus rapid transit in south africa by astrid wood.
12. title: urban development in china under the institution of land rights
authors: mahalaya chatterjee
abstract: the article reviews the book �urban development in china under the institution of land rights� by jieming zhu.
13. title: predatory urbanism: the metabolism of megaprojects in asia
authors: ayyoob sharifi
abstract: the article reviews the book �predatory urbanism: the metabolism of megaprojects in asia� by agatino rizzo and anindita mandal.
14. title:
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authors: patrick wakely
abstract: the article reviews the book �upgrading informal settlements: experiences from asia� by yap kioe sheng.
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