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��ࡱ�>�� su����r��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r��ebjbj�n�n2^��a��a�= �������""������������8�le��nlaaaaa���nnnnnnn$p��r<an������an��aa4vnyyy���a�any�nyyya����e��9������ (ynln0�ny�rsf�ryy�/�r�k���y�����anan������n�������������������������������������������������������������������������r���������"q s: research policy volume 50, issue 8, october 2021 1. title: treading new ground in household sector innovation research: scope, emergence, business implications, and diffusion authors: jeroen p.j. de jong, shiko m. ben-menahem, nikolaus franke, johann f�ller, georg von krogh abstract: individual consumers in the household sector increasingly develop products, services and processes, in their discretionary time without payment. household sector innovation is becoming a pervasive phenomenon, representing a significant share of the innovation activity in any economy. such innovation emerges from personal needs or self-rewards, and is distinct from and complementary to producer innovations motivated by commercial gains. in this introductory paper to the special issue on household sector innovation, we take stock of emerging research on the topic. we categorize the research into four areas: scope, emergence, implications for business, and diffusion. we develop a conceptual basis for the phenomenon, introduce the articles in the special issue, and show how each article contributes new insights. we end by offering a research agenda for scholars interested in the salient phenomenon of household sector innovation. 2. title: behavioral innovation: pilot study and new big data analysis approach in household sector user innovation authors: christiana d. von hippel, andrew b. cann abstract: innovation researchers have begun to look beyond how users develop tangible objects or product innovations and moved to investigate the existence and impact of intangible user-developed innovations in techniques and services in the household sector. in this paper, to incorporate technique and service innovations and other varieties of intangible innovations not yet described in the literature into an efficient and encompassing typology, we propose the new concept of intangible behavioral innovation as an overarching category that stands in contrast to tangible product innovation. behavioral innovation is defined as consisting of one or a connected sequence of intangible problem-solving activities that provide a functionally novel benefit to its user developer relative to previous practice. we demonstrate in a pilot study using a relatively novel big data-gathering and semantic analysis approach that behavioral innovation exists and can be identified in user-generated content posted openly online in peer-to-peer discussion forums relating to household sector activities such as parenting. the preponderance (n = 138) of the 168 user innovations captured in our samples of discussion comments were intangible behavioral innovations, most of which were developed by women. the majority of behavioral innovations identified were diffused by their user developers in response to specific requests for help or advice from peers in their online community. thus, incorporating the new concept of intangible behavioral innovation into studies of user innovation's scope and significance in the household sector can serve to clarify which users innovate in our communities of interest, what and how they innovate, why they are triggered to diffuse their innovations peer-to-peer, and how their innovative activities might impact social welfare. 3. title: reprint of: social movements and free innovation authors: lars bo jeppesen abstract: in this article, i explore innovation and diffusion from social movements as part of the phenomenon of free innovation in households. the article contributes to the literature on household innovation by illustrating how social movement motivations may differ from motivations examined in prior studies focused on self-rewards, as well as examining the implications for free innovations and diffusion patterns in this setting. social movement innovators are typically motivated by a common cause (such as a quest for a new life order and societal change) and create innovations that address a cause and �system change� rather than individual goals. i identify and define three types of social movement innovation: behavioral, product, and symbolic innovation. the common-cause motivation also creates a new form of diffusion problem that can only be solved through the spread and consumption of new products, behaviors, or techniques by a sufficiently large crowd. common-cause motivations should thus encourage innovation diffusion, thereby reducing the risk of the diffusion-failure problem usually observed in household innovation research. 4. title: need-solution pair recognition by household sector individuals: evidence, and a cognitive mechanism explanation authors: ruth m. stock-homburg, shannon l.m. heald, christian holthaus, nils lennart gillert, eric von hippel abstract: problem-solving by everyday individuals is thought to occur as a two-step process. first, an individual identifies or formulates a problem, followed by entering into a subsequent search to find the best solution. here, however, we consider an alternative process that everyday individuals may use for solution finding first theorized by von hippel and von krogh (2016). specifically, von hippel and von krogh proposed that everyday individuals may sometimes discover a solution and the need it satisfies simultaneously without the need for apriori problem formation, a cognitive process they called �need-solution pair recognition�. utilizing a rich literature from psychology and neuroscience, we propose that seemingly spontaneous discoveries found by need-solution pair recognition are natural products of the object recognition system and its underlying mechanisms. this view asserts that on encountering an object and reasoning how it might be used (i.e. functional object understanding), an individual's perception of an object may culminate in recognizing the object as a solution, and in some cases, as a solution to a problem previously unknown to him or her, thus bypassing formal problem-formulation and active solution searching entirely. to empirically test this view, we manipulated the ability of everyday individuals to functionally reason about objects while we examined the spontaneous occurrence of solutions found by either need-solution pair recognition or traditional problem-first problem-solving. consistent with our hypothesized mechanism, our results indicate that need-solution pair recognition occurs more frequently when constraints on functional object understanding are reduced. that is, we found that needsolution pair discoveries outpaced solutions found from traditional problem solving, in environments with unfamiliar objects, where participants were not directed to solve specific problems. our results provide clear evidence that everyday individuals in the household sector do not always innovate through traditional problem-solving processes, but instead may arrive at solutions as they recognize and reason about objects. implications for research and practice in household innovation, and for innovation more generally are considered. 5. title: the influence of information depth and information breadth on brokers� idea newness in online maker communities authors: christian resch, alexander kock abstract: social networks provide individuals with diverse or redundant information depending on the network structure. both types of information offer advantages for generating new ideas. at the same time, network structure and network content are independent. as a result, two individuals with the same network position can access diverse or redundant content from their social peers. in this study, we investigate the function of social networks in innovative endeavors given individuals� different kinds of information accessing behavior. in accordance with previous research, we argue that individuals with a broker status access more diverse information through non-redundant network structures and develop, on average, more novel ideas. we further propose that redundancy in content complements brokers� structural non-redundancy by providing familiar knowledge elements and therefore interpretability, while non-redundancy in both content and structure leads to information overload. thus, we hypothesize that brokers accessing more information depth, and independently, less information breadth generate newer ideas. to test our hypotheses, we collected data from a popular online maker community containing 18,146 ideas, 19,919 profiles, and 52,663 comments. we used topic modeling (latent dirichlet allocation) to extract hidden knowledge elements and social network analysis to identify brokers. in line with our hypotheses, we find that information depth (breadth) strengthens (weakens) a favorable broker position. these findings have implications for the literature on idea generation in social networks and household sector innovation. 6. title: exploring collective consumer innovation in health care: cases and formal modeling authors: erik lakomaa, tino sanandaji abstract: research on consumer innovation in health care has shown that patients are important sources of new or improved treatments, care services and diagnostic tools. this paper points to another hitherto overlooked class of consumer innovation in health care, which we call collective consumer innovation. these self-organized service innovations emerge under regulatory constraints, occur on the system level, are collaborative, and tend to cause institutional change. we use historic and contemporary cases from the field of health care in order to document the importance of collective consumer innovation and devise a model to analyze their economic role. collective consumer innovation is more likely under stricter regulation and when the production cost disadvantage of consumers vis-�-vis the formal sector is smaller. the role of market size and the scale of technological change is more complex. if either is large, innovation will be undertaken by the formal sector, while no innovation at all takes place if either is small. the model demonstrates that consumer innovations can enhance social welfare by improving the tradeoff between safety and experimental leeway, though they under certain conditions can lower welfare. empirically, there are numerous cases where collective consumer innovations in the form of novel health services, policies and governance systems were adapted by public or corporate health care providers. 7. title: next-generation consumer innovation search: identifying early-stage need-solution pairs on the web authors: eric von hippel, sandro kaulartz abstract: all innovations consist of a need paired with a responsive solution - a need-solution pair (von hippel and von krogh 2016). today, technical advances in machine learning techniques for natural language understanding, such as semantic word space models and semantic network analytics, have made it practical to capture descriptions of early-stage, need-solution pairs mentioned anywhere in the open, textual content of the internet. producers - and anyone - can now thus look for user innovations posted on the web that may involve either known or newly defined needs coupled to new solutions that are gaining traction. this is important because, as is now understood, users, rather than producers, tend to pioneer functionally new products and services for which both the need and the solution may be novel. in this paper, we demonstrate via a case study both the practicality and the value of searching for early-stage need-solution pairs via machine learning methods and assessing the likely general interest in each usergenerated innovation by also identifying the trends in posting and query frequencies related to it. the new need-solution pair search method we describe and test here can, we claim, serve as a very valuable complement to traditional market research techniques and practices. 8. title: knowledge diversity and team creativity: how hobbyists beat professional designers in creating novel board games authors: patrick pollok, andr� amft, kathleen diener, dirk l�ttgens, frank t. piller abstract: this study adds to the literature on household sector (hhs) innovation by investigating how user and professional designer teams differ in their ability to translate knowledge diversity into collective creative output. we test our hypotheses on a unique data set of more than 5,000 board game design projects conducted by either teams of professional game designers or by hobbyist (user) designers. our study lends support for the notion that knowledge diversity is a double-edged sword that has opposing effects on the two dimensions of team creativity, novelty and usefulness. we argue and find that teams composed of self-rewarded users in the household sector are better able than teams of professionals to translate the informational benefits of knowledge diversity into novel concepts and game designs. finally, we find that user teams are in general more likely to create truly creative (i.e. novel and useful) game designs. this particular result emphasizes the relevance of research on hhs innovation and shows that user designers from the hhs are able to conduct collective development work more effectively than teams of professional designers. 9. title: pricing decisions of consumer innovators authors: tobias ebbing, christian l�thje abstract: increasing numbers of consumers who engage in the development of new products are selling their innovations on online marketplaces. we contribute to the scarce research on the commercialization activities of consumer innovators by comparing the consumers� price decisions with the pricing of firms. our predictions build on the baseline assumption that the price decisions of consumers are influenced by the same motivations that originally prompt them to innovate. we use a sequential mixed-method approach with a quantitative main study and follow-up qualitative research. the quantitative results draw on a matched-pair analysis of 4,242 computer games released on the online game platform steam. we find that consumer innovators charge lower prices than firms for comparable games and that consumers and firms show different inclinations in aligning prices with the games� development costs and perceived quality. the subsequent interview study with 29 hobbyist game developers provides clear support for the motivational explanations of consumers� pricing decisions. the findings contribute to research on consumer innovation marketing and nascent entrepreneurship. they also improve the understanding of welfare effects resulting from increasing commercial activities of consumers. 10. title: the role of pre-innovation platform activity for diffusion success: evidence from consumer innovations on a 3d printing platform authors: j�rg claussen, maria a. halbinger abstract: digital platforms are becoming increasingly important for household sector innovators that seek support for the innovation process and that want to make innovations available to large audiences. innovation development and diffusion is especially challenging for first-time innovators as they cannot build on experiences from prior innovations. we argue that first-time innovators can increase the diffusion success of their innovations by engaging in pre-innovation platform activities. we use the context of the 3d printing platform thingiverse to show that a consumer's pre-innovation platform activity increases innovation diffusion success and that frequency, quality and relatedness of a consumer's pre-innovation platform activity promotes this effect. we find support that innovation quality, the use of recombinant innovations, and innovation documentation are three mechanisms through which pre-innovation platform activities translate into higher diffusion success of consumers� first innovation.     !"$ .0124=���� ��ʻʻʩ��wobtf9t2f h�tth�tthj�5�ojqj^jo(h�tth�tt5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hl%�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�tth�tt5�cjojqj^jajh�tt5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�tth�tt5�cjojqj^jaj123� � � @ r ��� �� yi#j#�#$�*�*������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4    � � � � � � � ? @ h i q r { | 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