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volume 61, issue 2, february 2024
1. title: federal �redlining� maps: a critical reappraisal
authors: scott markley
abstract: in the past decade, the home owners� loan corporation�s (holc) so-called �redlining� maps have gone from a niche corner of urban historical scholarship to the centre of mainstream narratives about racism in the united states. in this paper, i map this journey and trace the contours of the ongoing debates that have emerged, identifying two competing camps i call �holc culpablism� and �holc scepticism�. finding these perspectives to have run up against their self-imposed limitations, i outline a research agenda that breaks from the debate�s narrow confines by envisioning holc�s mapping materials anew. my proposed approach recasts the maps and their accompanying field notes as windows into the governing racial�spatial ideology of 20th-century us real estate capital. in doing so, it invites researchers to reimagine the map grades as dynamic categories reflecting a particular spatiotemporal conception of value that is highly contingent on an area�s estimated racial trajectory. this reformulation, i argue, not only opens new possibilities for studying the holc mapping programme but suggests that the power of these maps has almost certainly been underestimated.
2. title: the impact of human capital and housing supply on urban growth
authors: simon c b�chler, dongxiao niu, anne k thompson, siqi zheng
abstract: we empirically analyse the impact of human capital and housing supply on urban growth in the us and china. integrating the heterogeneity of housing supply helps determine how a positive human capital shock translates into more population, higher house prices, or higher wages. to causally estimate this effect, we use a rich urban-level data set, choose our controls using the post-double-selection methodology, and instrument human capital with the per capita number of historical educational institutions. we find that human capital positively impacts urban population, house price and wage growth. while an elastic housing supply reinforces the impact on urban growth, it reduces house price growth and wage growth. our results infer that human capital increases productivity in both countries and acts as an amenity only in the us.
3. title: exploring mismatch in within-metropolitan affordable housing in the united states
authors: seungbeom kang, jae sik jeon, whitney airgood-obrycki
abstract: despite numerous studies and measures that quantify the extent of the shortage in affordable housing for low-income renter households, few studies address potential neighbourhood-level mismatch between affordable housing supply and demand. to fill this research gap, this study investigates whether neighbourhood-level imbalance exists between the number of low-income renters and the number of rental units that are affordable and available to them within the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the usa. it also explores under which metropolitan-level conditions, such an imbalance (measured using the dissimilarity index between low-income renters and rental units affordable to them) is likely to be most severe. the study found that certain neighbourhoods within each metropolitan area contain rental unit surpluses affordable to a particular low-income group and such units substantially decline as the study considers the availability of these affordable stocks. multivariate analyses reveal that certain metropolitan-level contexts contribute to the imbalance in affordable rental units across low-income groups. these findings imply that various efforts, such as reducing the mismatch between low-wage jobs and workers, providing affordable housing in suburban areas or relaxing local regulatory environments for residential development, may be effective in improving housing affordability imbalance across low-income groups at the local level.
4. title: cities looking for waste heat: the dilemmas of energy and industry nexuses in french metropolitan areas
authors: antoine fontaine, laurence rocher
abstract: the sharp increase in and volatility of fossil fuel prices, due in particular to the russian�ukrainian conflict, is a powerful incentive for cities to accelerate their energy transition. yet urban authorities have limited power over the construction of energy policies and the management of networks, and they remain dependent on remote and mainly carbon-intensive imported sources of energy. the recovery of waste heat from waste incineration or industrial emissions and its use in heating networks represents a solution for cities to control part of their energy supply, to develop their own capacities for action and to implement local transition strategies, in addition to the development of renewable energies. based on the analysis of four case studies in france between 2019 and 2022, in the context preceding the current energy crisis, this article examines how cities are trying to develop waste heat recovery and the role this energy resource plays in the decarbonisation of urban energy systems. the analysis highlights that the emergence of these projects is more broadly part of the renegotiation dynamics of energy, ecological and economic relationships between cities and industries, and that their implementation results in the construction of new urban energy nexuses. the use of waste heat makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency of industrial and urban energy systems, sometimes significantly, but it must be seen as a transitional solution because it can temporarily increase cities� dependency on high-carbon and energy-inefficient industrial activities.
5. title: linking residential mobility with daily mobility: a three-wave cross-lagged panel analysis of travel mode choices and preferences pre�post residential relocation in the netherlands
authors: yinhua tao
abstract: the causal impact of the built environment on travel behaviours is a subject of debate. this debate especially concerns the independent effect of the built environment on the observed travel patterns after taking into account residential self-selection arising from pre-existing travel-related attitude. this study argues that travel attitude varies over time, and thus, is also reshaped by residential built environment and interrelated with residents� travel behaviours. focusing on the event of residential relocation in the netherlands, this study longitudinally investigated the interrelations between travel mode choices and preferences before, immediately after and a year after the relocation. results from the random-intercept cross-lagged panel models substantiated the residential self-selection based on the pre-relocation preferences for motorised means of transport, including cars and public transport. moreover, travel mode preferences varied to a greater extent than travel mode use pre�post relocation, and especially, frequent use of public transport or bicycles stimulated by the new place of residence had a one-year lagged effect on developing the mode preference. therefore, the structural role of residential built environment manifests as (re)shaping travel mode choices as well as mode-specific preferences in the process of residential relocation.
6. title: the reproduction of informal settlements in santiago: housing policy, cycles of repopulation and the �politics of poverty� as a regime of government
authors: valentina abufhele milad
abstract: this article analyses the persistence of informal settlements in the city of santiago, chile, between 1990 and 2018, a period of democratic governments characterised by falling poverty rates and � paradoxically � state efforts to reduce informality by increasing the provision of housing for low-income groups. based on a qualitative study that includes document analysis and interviews with poor urban residents and governmental actors, i describe one mechanism of informal housing reproduction: the cyclical repopulation of informal urbanisations, that is, the intertwined processes of relocation of informal residents and the reoccupation of settlement sites by new families. in contrast to dichotomous understandings of informality that explain informal housing as produced by residents� poverty, the article shows that repopulation cycles respond to a regime of government structured around what i call a �politics of poverty�, a framework that labels informal settlements as �spatial concentrations of poverty�, therefore creating spatial zones of intervention. while this helps the state to target informal settlements as subjects of poverty policies, residents mobilise the policy�s categories to legitimate informal practices.
7. title: school and residential segregation in the reproduction of urban segregation: a case study in buenos aires
authors: pablo santiago serrati
abstract: the link between residential and school segregation is widely recognised as a key to explaining urban inequalities. however, most studies have focused on countries of the global north. this paper attempts to identify to what extent socio-economic residential segregation explains secondary school segregation in buenos aires (argentina). based on a linear programming method, the study proposes a hypothetical pupil allocation model that takes into account the capacity of schools and is used as an ideal typus to compare with the real socio-economic school composition. using a �decompose method� of segregation differences to analyse the differences in segregation indices and a local segregation analysis, this paper finds that in a residential context with low segregation but high social inequalities, school segregation is a social mechanism that allows maintaining spaces of differentiation and distancing between groups. in discussion with the idea of a �vicious circle of segregation�, this article argues for the potential of a multi-domain approach to segregation, to understand how different domains work in articulated and complex ways to reinforce urban segregation.
8. title: governing capabilities, not places � how to understand social sustainability implementation in urban development
authors: c�line janssen, tom a daamen, wouter j verheul
abstract: social sustainability�s implementation in urban development is a complex endeavour that demands alternative forms of governance. this article draws on the capabilities approach as an evaluative framework to better understand this implementation process. through an in-depth case comparison of two dutch urban development projects, the study analyses how collaborative governance situations (i.e. actors, activities and phases) relate to the expansions of resident capabilities in the urban areas. the findings present three principles for a �capability-centred governance� of social sustainability in urban development: (1) integrate human logic into urban governance situations (2) balance strong goal commitment with experimentalist approaches and (3) institutionalise social sustainability implementation. the article concludes that social sustainability�s implementation requires a conceptualisation in which improvements in people�s lives are not seen as the self-evident consequences of a set of place-based policy interventions, but instead as a guiding principle that should continuously be reflected upon and learned from during the different phases of urban development processes.
9. title: a performing arts centre for whom? rethinking the architect as negotiator of urban imaginaries
authors: inge goudsmit, maria kaika, nanke verloo
abstract: in this study, we interpret architecture not as a single imaginary stemming from architects and architectural patrons, but as the result of negotiating urban politics and urban imaginaries between different stakeholders, including policymakers, citizens, and developers. we focus in particular on the role of architects within this process as mediators between different stakeholders, who nevertheless have their own specific agenda to pursue. we draw on an empirical case of the taipei performing arts centre, a cultural flagship project built in taiwan and designed by the office for metropolitan architecture. through a review of internal documents, interviews, and content analysis on archival data, we expose the controversy over the integration of the historical �low culture� local food market into the design for the new �high culture� performing arts centre. although the architects imagined and pursued the integration of the new centre into the existing local culture, both policymakers and local citizens contested this attempt. the study concludes that, despite claims from both policymakers and architects of representing �the people�, there were often misunderstandings, deliberate or otherwise, regarding the needs of �the people� or indeed of who �the people� are.
10. title: urban planning and the knowledge politics of the smart city
authors: matthew cook, andrew karvonen
abstract: smart cities promote computational and data-driven understandings of the built environment and have the potential to reconfigure urban planning and governance practices in profound ways. smart urbanisation is often presented as a politically neutral and socially beneficial approach to achieve urban sustainability goals but the emphasis on data gathering and algorithmic analysis and decision-making has the tendency to restrict how urban stakeholders know and act upon cities. in this article, we apply artistotle�s intellectual virtues of techne, episteme and phronesis to critique current practices of smart cities, data-driven urbanism and computational understandings of cities as they relate to urban planning theory and practice. we argue that the rise of smart cities represents a partial return to early- to mid-20th-century positivistic knowledge politics and the reassertion of technical experts as the drivers of urban change. however, we also highlight the recent emergence of citizen-centred smart cities as an opportunity to promote value rationality in urban planning activities. we conclude that there is a need for greater integration of techne, episteme and phronesis in the pursuit of smart cities to ensure that digitalisation does not foreclose on certain ways of knowing cities but instead, provides a foundation to support a progressive knowledge politics of urban development.
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11. title: the urban ecologies of divided cities
authors: teresa garc�a alcaraz
abstract: the article reviews the book the urban ecologies of divided cities by amira osman and john nagle.
12. title: rubbish belongs to the poor: hygienic enclosure and the waste commons
authors: taenaz shakir
abstract: the article reviews the book �rubbish belongs to the poor: hygienic enclosure and the waste commons� by patrick o'hare.
13. title: estate regeneration and its discontents
authors: chris hamnett
abstract: the article reviews the book �estate regeneration and its discontents� by paul watt.
14. title: territorial capacity and inclusion: co-creating a public space with teenagers
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