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volume 88, issue 4, august 2023
1. title: understanding patterns and trends in income mobility through multiverse analysis
authors: per engzell, carina mood
abstract: rising inequalities in rich countries have led to concerns that the economic ladder is getting harder to climb. yet, research on trends in intergenerational income mobility finds conflicting results. to better understand this variation, we adopt a multiverse approach that estimates trends over 82,944 different definitions of income mobility, varying how and for whom income is measured. our analysis draws on comprehensive register data for swedish cohorts born 1958 to 1977 and their parents. we find that income mobility has declined, but for reasons neglected by previous research: improved gender equality in the labor market raises intergenerational persistence in women�s earnings and the household incomes of both men and women. dominant theories that focus on childhood investments have blinded researchers to this development. methodologically, we show how multiverse analysis can be used with abduction�inference to the best explanation�to improve theory-building in social science.
2. title: taking the time: the implications of workplace assessment for organizational gender inequality
authors: laura k. nelson, alexandra brewer, anna s. mueller, daniel m. o�connor, arjun dayal, vineet m. arora
abstract: gendered differences in workload distribution, in particular who spends time on low-promotability workplace tasks�tasks that are essential for organizations yet do not typically lead to promotions�contribute to persistent gender inequalities in workplaces. we examined how gender is implicated in the content, quality, and consequences of one low-promotability workplace task: assessment. by analyzing real-world behavioral data that include 33,456 in-the-moment numerical and textual evaluations of 359 resident physicians (subordinates) by 285 attending physicians (superordinates) in eight u.s. hospitals, and by combining qualitative methods and machine learning, we found that, compared to men, women attendings wrote more words in their comments to residents, used more job-related terms, and were more likely to provide helpful feedback, particularly when residents were struggling. additionally, we found women residents were less likely to receive substantive evaluations, regardless of attending gender. our findings suggest that workplace assessment is gendered in three ways: women (superordinates) spend more time on this low-promotability task, they are more cognitively engaged with assessment, and women (subordinates) are less likely to fully benefit from quality assessment. we conclude that workplaces would benefit from addressing pervasive inequalities hidden within workplace assessment, equalizing not only who provides this assessment work, but who does it well and equitably.
3. title: the politics of police
authors: samuel thomas donahue
abstract: the connection between racially prejudiced policing and politics has a long history in the united states. in the current period, police organizations have displayed unprecedented support for republican presidential candidates, and both have organized against social movements focused on addressing racial disparities in police contact. yet despite strong connections between law enforcement and party politics, we know almost nothing about the relationship between partisan identity and the behavior of police officers. using millions of traffic stop records from the florida highway patrol and linked voter records, the present study shows that white republican officers exhibit a larger racial disparity than white democratic officers in their propensity to search motorists whom they have stopped. this result is robust to an array of alternative empirical tests and holds across varying sociodemographic contexts. i also find that both white republican and white democratic officers grew more biased between 2012 and 2020, a period characterized by the rise of the black lives matter movement and the election of donald trump.
4. title: standardizing refuge: pipelines and pathways in the u.s. refugee resettlement program
authors: jake watson
abstract: how do bureaucracies pattern durable inequalities? predominant approaches emphasize the role of administrative categories, which prioritize certain populations for valued resources based on broader regimes of human worth. this article extends this body of work by examining how categorical inequalities become embedded within administrative infrastructures and institutional pathways. i develop this argument through a case study of the united states� refugee resettlement program. drawing together previously unseen government statistics, expert interviews, and documentary analysis, i show that u.s. resettlement is organized through administrative pipelines that create path dependent imbalances in the distribution of scarce resettlement spaces. social and political logics of immigrant worthiness are important, yet a full understanding of these imbalances requires attention to the tendency of pipelines to become self-reproducing. i identify three factors that account for this tendency: calculative rationales, administrative reactivity, and structured visibility. this three-part conceptualization of pipelines can be applied to other institutional contexts to study the origins, dynamics, and durability of social inequalities. my findings also demonstrate the analytically autonomous role of policy administration in shaping ethnoracial imbalances in immigrant selection.
5. title: the corner, the crew, and the digital street: multiplex networks of gang online-offline conflict dynamics in the digital age
authors: yuan hsiao, john leverso, andrew v. papachristos
abstract: social media is increasingly intertwined into people�s lives, spurring questions about the relationships between online behavior and offline actions. we advance knowledge in conflict dynamics by using a multiplex network framework that conceptualizes online and offline gang relationships as co-constitutive networks�online and offline relationships often overlap and entangle in complex ways that influence behavior in both the virtual and real worlds. we propose a mixed-methods abductive approach for digital data that uses qualitative analyses to challenge and corroborate quantitative analyses of online gang conflict. synthesizing data from facebook posts by alleged gang members, maps of gang territory, and police records of offline shooting events, we show that online gang conflicts are not random attacks but targeted network relationships, and such online relationships are dependent on offline geographic relationships and shooting history relationships between gangs. our mixed-methods approach further shows via qualitative analyses that the statistical network associations are based on cultural-specific language surrounding gang names and symbols, neighborhood streets, and prominent gang members. our approach underscores how mixed-methods and qualitative approaches are essential in unpacking �big data� and computational methods in understanding the multiplex nature of group conflict.
6. title: pathways of global cultural diffusion: mass media and people�s moral declarations about men�s violence against women
authors: jeffrey swindle
abstract: current theories of global cultural diffusion outline abstract mechanisms through which cultural scripts spread across the world. to reveal how scripts reach individuals, one must identify the specific pathways of diffusion. i examine the case of how scripts about gender relations and violence are diffused through mass media to people in malawi. using a mixed-methods approach, i find that international development organizations work with malawian journalists to produce an array of content denouncing the practice of men abusing women. entertainment media companies, however, disseminate content portraying patriarchal gender stereotypes. i show that mass media content critical of men�s violence of women is positively associated with people�s stated rejection of this practice, whereas individuals� exposure to content mixed with patriarchal scripts is not. notably, a one-standard-deviation increase in the number of newspaper articles critically covering men�s abuse toward women in the 30 days leading up to a person�s unique survey interview date is associated with a 3.2 (women) or 2.1 (men) percentage-point increase in the probability of respondents stating that they condemn such violence. broadly, the results outline a multifaceted portrait of global cultural diffusion, with liberal and patriarchal scripts simultaneously reaching individual people.
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