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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��bjbj�n�n2��a��a�j ��""��8��,�nrl��q�q�q�q�q�q�q$�s�pvf�qq��q��4r///��q/�q///��r-�h��(/}qr0nr/�v��v//f1�v��n�/�q�q�~nr��v"qs: governance volume 35, issue 1, january 2022 1. title: how politicians see their relationship with top bureaucrats: revisiting classical images authors: martin baekgaard, jens blom-hansen, s�ren serritzlew. abstract: the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats is an enduring concern in political science. central to this debate, aberbach, putnam, and rockman (apr) in 1981 developed four images to characterize political-bureaucratic relations. we argue that the one-dimensional focus on roles in their images comes with important limitations. to deal with these limitations, we collect survey responses from 3,384 local politicians from four countries on seven dimensions of the political-bureaucratic relationship. we then use cluster analysis to develop six images bottom-up. five of our images are largely consistent with apr's image ii and iii. yet, they differ in the extent to which politicians trust the bureaucracy, consider them loyal, and see them as an important source of information. a sixth image is not consistent with any of apr's images. we find that both systemic (country, municipality size) and individual factors (ideology, position, seniority) contribute to differences in images. overall, our images suggest that political-bureaucratic relations vary more between and within political systems than suggested by apr's images. 2. title: from connection to collusion: how college admissions bow to powerful alumni in china authors: tao li, kun mo. abstract: access to college is critical for social mobility in china. using a detailed college admission database that includes essentially all four-year public universities from 2005 to 2013, we demonstrate that chinese universities preallocate more admission seats to provinces that happen to fall under the leadership of their alumni. moreover, we demonstrate that the identified admission favoritism constitutes a political exchange between public universities and their powerful alumni in the sense that (a) universities and the connected provinces tend to sign formal partnership agreements; and (b) university leaders who sign formal partnership agreements receive indirect personal gains in terms of career advancement in the party-state bureaucracy. our article provides causal evidence that social connections facilitate powerful government insiders' collusion and capture of public resources in a weak institutional environment. 3. title: when does the multiple principals hypothesis hold? the politics of u.s. agency policymaking autonomy authors: christine k. palus, susan w. yackee. abstract: when the bureaucracy's political principals hold different preferences for policy, does this increase the bureaucracy's policymaking autonomy? existing theory strongly suggests �yes.� we, however, argue that this pattern will materialize only when the bureaucracy's principals are all on the same side of the political divide. (i.e., unified government). using data gathered from the american states at two time points, we capture preference divergence by measuring the ideological distance between the bureaucracy's key political principals�legislators, governors, and courts�on the common left�right dimension. we measure policymaking autonomy through multi-faceted surveys of state agency leaders. in keeping with our argument, we demonstrate that greater preference divergence across the bureaucracy's principals is associated with increased agency policymaking autonomy under unified�but not under divided�government. the results shed new light on when, and why, the bureaucracy's political principals may provide an oversight check on the policymaking power of the modern administrative state. 4. title: legitimacy crises and the temporal dynamics of bureaucratic representation authors: zuzana murdoch, sara connolly, hussein kassim, benny geys. abstract: the representation of specific groups and social interests within (or by) the civil service has long been a concern of public administration scholarship. yet, much of this literature focuses on representation at a single point in time. in this article, we propose a more dynamic perspective. in terms of theory, we postulate specific temporal relationships between triggering cues (e.g., a crisis event) and the representation decisions of civil servants. we specify two complementary mechanisms underlying these relationships: that is, a sensemaking process whereby the perceived meaning and relative salience of distinct groups and interests changes over time; and a shift in bureaucrats' discretion to represent specific groups or interests changes over time. we illustrate these time-dependent processes using interview and survey data from the european commission. 5. title: democracy and bureaucracy in newly industrialized countries: a systematic comparison between latin america and east asia authors: alexandre de avila gomide. abstract: this article analyzes the political-institutional determinants of bureaucracy quality among a group of newly industrialized countries in latin america and east asia democratized in the third wave. four causal conditions are examined for the occurrence of higher levels of bureaucratic �weberianess� in the selected cases: historical sequence, political parties' institutionalization, electoral competition, and ethnic politics. the study employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the expectation that each of these conditions' implications depends on other conditions' presence or absence. the findings disconfirm claims about the critical role of party system institutionalization for weberian bureaucracies in new democracies. besides, the analysis did not declare a professional public administration's prior existence before democratization as a necessary or sufficient condition for the outcome of interest. finally, although the electoral competition was declared necessary for the outcome occurrence, it does not imply the same result if combined with ethnic politics. 6. title: exploring political personalities: the micro-foundation of local policy innovation in china authors: orion a. lewis, jessica c. teets, reza hasmath. abstract: this article argues that policymakers' individual attributes influence their willingness to engage in policy innovation, and that this influence is responsive to, but not determined by, changes in the institutional structure. we derive these findings by employing principal component analysis of original data from surveys of local policymakers in china, to inductively locate different personalities. we find statistically significant personalities that influence a willingness to innovate, and that this influence is responsive to changes such as heightened risk. in addition to parsing the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic motivations on policy innovation, we further find that the traditional risk-acceptant policy-entrepreneur personality does not explain innovation well. 7. title: cabinet size and governance in sub-saharan africa authors: joachim wehner, linnea mills. abstract: there is frequent public and media concern over the cost of bloated cabinets in many sub-saharan african countries. scholarship on elite clientelism links cabinet positions with corruption and practices that undermine sound policymaking. this article presents new data on the number of ministers in african governments and documents a robust negative association with several measures of governance, both across countries and in a regression framework that exploits within-country variation over time and accounts for various potential confounders. this suggests policymakers, donors, investors, and citizens should pay close attention to the number of ministers appointed to the cabinet. although the article cautions against simplistic policy prescriptions, a sizable increase in the number of ministers is likely bad news for governance. 8. title: the reputational basis of policy success in comparative perspective: evidence from the education sector in peru and bolivia authors: diego alonso salazar-morales. abstract: this article, building on the emerging theoretical corpus of �reputation theory� provides an alternative explanation about how successful policies are obtained in contexts of bureaucratic weakness and volatile politics. the argument is that politicians choose to intervene in delivering successful policies based on how contributable such policies are to construct their political reputations. the findings suggest that in both countries, less tenured politicians face higher incentives to build their reputations, so they choose to deliver better policies to accumulate �successful experiences� as vitae for electoral purposes. tenured politicians, in turn, opt for inaction or strategic delivery, to preserve their already won political reputations. the present article brings evidence from the education sector of peru and bolivia, a sector that has been at the core of these countries' priorities for decades. through a mixed methods approach involving a panel regression and in-depth interviews, results obtained largely confirm this article's claims. 9. title: corruption experiences and attitudes to political, interpersonal, and domestic violence authors: robert gillanders, lisa van der werff. abstract: it is understood that corruption can change the incentives to engage in political violence. however, the scope for corruption to change attitudes toward the permissibility of violence has received less attention. drawing on moral foundations theory, we argue that experiences of corruption in the social environment are likely to shape individual attitudes toward violent behavior. using afrobarometer data, we document a statistically significant and sizable relationship between an individual's experience of paying bribes and their attitudes to political, interpersonal, and domestic violence. these relationships are evident, and not significantly different, for men and women and are robust to the inclusion of variables capturing the local incidence of corruption, local norms regarding violence, and a proxy for the local incidence of violence with the community. corruption is associated with permissive attitudes to violence even after controlling for the perceived legitimacy of the police and courts. 10. title: advocates for hire: how government contracting shapes politics authors: leslie k. finger, carlos x. lastra-anad�n. abstract: many public services in the united states are administered through non-state actors, many of which are nonprofits with broad social missions. some scholars show that contracting these organizations can compromise their broader goals and political activities, while others find that such arrangements empower the organizations to engage in advocacy and influence policy. we argue that not only can contracting strengthen nonprofits' capacities to engage in politics and advance their missions, but it can mobilize political activity among those working for and engaging with the nonprofits. we use the case of teach for america (tfa) and an instrumental variable approach that leverages plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of tfa's arrival in states to show that contracting tfa is related with the arrival of new education reform advocacy groups spearheaded by tfa alumni. this, in addition to tfa's direct efforts, leads to the passage of reform policies�especially charter school laws. 11. title: navigating welfare regimes in divided societies: diversity and the quality of service delivery in lebanon authors: melani cammett, aytu ^a_maz. abstract: in many developing countries, non-state actors, including those with religious or political affiliations, provide basic social services. do politicized ethnoreligious divisions shape citizen choices of providers? does service quality vary when patients visit ingroup or outgroup facilities? building on studies of the �diversity deficit� and on outgroup generosity, we focus on how the relationship between frontline service providers and citizens affects the quality of services. among facilities run by sectarian organizations, citizens largely select into ingroup providers, and report distinct reasons for the rare instances of choosing outgroup versus ingroup centers. furthermore, when visiting outgroup facilities, service quality is inferior. preliminary evidence indicates that shared social networks, which facilitate informal mechanisms of accountability, may account for the ingroup advantage. the data are derived from original surveys of a nationally representative sample of health centers in lebanon, a country with politicized identity cleavages and diverse types of welfare providers. 12. title: the technocratic tendencies of economists in government bureaucracy authors: johan christensen, ronen mandelkern. abstract: economists are by many accounts the most influential group of experts in contemporary political decision-making. while the literature on the power of economists mostly focuses on the policy ideas of economic experts, some recent studies suggest that economists also hold particular technocratic ideas about the policy process. the article systematically tests this argument. focusing on economists within government bureaucracy, the study is based on a quantitative analysis of a large-scale survey of norwegian ministerial civil servants. it finds that economists are more likely to hold technocratic role perceptions than officials with other educational backgrounds only if they work in the finance ministry or in higher administrative grades. the findings contribute to scholarship on the political sway of economists and to debates about technocracy and the technocratic views of civil servants. 13. title: gender equality without democracy? higher education expansion and authoritarian values authors: suen wang. abstract: how does social policy affect authoritarian values? leveraging exogenous variation, i evaluate how higher education expansion as a social policy program in china has influenced authoritarian support and traditional gender attitudes. i use an instrumental variable approach and regression analyses with marginal effects to assess multiple waves of chinese national representative surveys coupled with regional statistics. the study differentiates between two types of authoritarian support: specific support (authoritarian support based on evaluation of recent policies) and diffuse support (long-term authoritarian traits independent of recent policies). i find that education expansion has significantly decreased specific authoritarian support; however, it has not influenced diffuse authoritarian support. moreover, a decrease in traditional gender attitudes is driven by a cohort effect rather than an education expansion effect. the findings have broader implications for understanding the effects of social policy on attitudinal change in an authoritarian context. 14. title: the impact of agency failure on executive approval: evidence from the bush and obama presidencies authors: eric paul svensen. abstract: over the past few decades, scholars have developed a rich research record on the causes and consequences of low presidential approval ratings. while this literature has provided valuable insight on presidential approval, little attention is paid to how agency failures also impact approval. in this article, i argue this understudied topic can provide additional leverage to help understand when public trust in the president is eroded. using markov regime switching models of weekly approval ratings for the bush and obama presidencies, i demonstrate approval falls when agency failures make national headlines. in addition, findings also show that the impact of these events hinge on the number of failures and not the magnitude of any one breakdown in particular. 15. title: the immigrant presence in collaborative structures of urban politics authors: michalis moutselos, karen sch�nw�lder. abstract: participation and representation of disadvantaged groups are important, but partly still understudied aspects of democratic politics. the present article looks at the inclusion of migrant representatives in urban governance networks making use of original survey data from 40 large cities in france and germany. we find that about half of policy-relevant urban actors in both countries and across cities cooperate with migrant associations regularly. this indicates that urban governance networks are furthering the civic and political presence of migrants. cooperation with migrant associations is more likely when specific representative local institutions (foreigner/integration councils) exist, and is also boosted by the overall density of governance networks in a city. politicians and local administrators remain central actors in such networks, while social welfare organizations emerge as important interlocutors with migrant associations. the article identifies and discusses differences between the two countries. �nn/ffnċ� 16. title: the conundrum of corruption: reform for social justice authors: joseph pozsgai-alvarez. abstract: the article reviews the book the conundrum of corruption: reform for social justice� by johnston, michael and fritzen, scott a. 17. title: measuring accountability in public governance regimes authors: matthew flinders. abstract: the article reviews the book �measuring accountability in public governance regimes� by rock, ellen. 18. title: business lobbying in the european union authors: graham k. wilson. abstract: the article reviews the book �business lobbying in the european union� by david, katsaitis, alexander, vannoni, matia. 19. title: transnational networking and elite self-empowerment: the making of the judiciary in contemporary europe and beyond authors: martin krygier. abstract: the article reviews the book �transnational networking and elite self-empowerment: the making of the judiciary in contemporary europe and beyond� by parau, cristina e. 20. title: the privatized state authors: georgi asatryan, jack kalpakian. abstract: the article reviews the book �the privatized state� by chiara cordelli. 21. title: a lot of people are saying: the new conspiracism and the assault on democracy authors: mahama tawat. abstract: the article reviews the book �a lot of people are saying: the new conspiracism and the assault on democracy� by nancy rosenblum and russell muirhead. 22. title: neoliberal resilience authors: nicolas jabko. abstract: the article reviews the book �neoliberal resilience� by madariaga, aldo. 23. title: latecomer state formation: political geography and capacity failure in latin america authors: hillel david soifer. abstract: '*,-.09��̻�̻̚�|h`se7hk�hk�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h��5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#hk�hk�5�cjojqj^jajhk�5�cjojqj^jaj 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5�ojqj^jh�z25�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�z25�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(0q1q3q5q;qrgrhr��ź��vk[mvk=�/h}onh�e=ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(hmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h<�5�ojqj^jh<�h<�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hmkxh)w�ojqj^jo( h� h� ojqj^jmh sh h�~�ojqj^jmh sh h� ojqj^jmh sh hrdrfr�r�r�r�r�r�r�r�r�r�r�r�rs ssss��ñ��vi[pv[p@h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h<�5�ojqj^jh<�h<�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo("h<�h�e=5�ojqjmh o(sh #h<�h�e=ojqj^jmh o(sh h<�ojqj^jmh sh h<�h<�ojqj^jmh sh h� h� ojqj^jmh sh h� h� ojqj^js!s"s>s@susyszsisjskslsnspsvsws�s�s�s�s�s��վ��zm_��qf4��"h�r�h�e=5�ojqj\�^jajh<�5�ojqj^jh<�h<�5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�e=5�ojqjo(h<�h�e=ojqj^jo('h<�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h<�h<�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h�#�hvfb*ojqj^jajmh phsh h�#�hvfojqj^jajh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^j�s�s�s�s�s�s��r�v�w��ň��ȼ��|�h|hzob4ȼ�h�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�e=5�ojqjo(h�r�h�^�ojqj^jo('h<�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h<�h<�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h�#�h�^�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh h�#�h�^�ojqj^jajuh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h<�5�ojqj^jh<�h<�5�ojqj^jthe article reviews the book �latecomer state formation: political geography and capacity failure in latin america� by mazzuca, sebastian. 24. title: property without rights: origins and consequences of the property rights gap authors: kathleen klaus. abstract: the article reviews the book �property without rights: origins and consequences of the property rights gap� by albertus, michael. ň��#�%�q�u�v��w`wl`l>626h�0�jh�0�uh<�hj<ojqj^jo('h<�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h<�h<�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh -h�#�h�^�b*ojqj^jajmh phsh h�#�h�^�ojqj^jajh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h<�h<�5�ojqj^jhmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h<�5�ojqj^j��gd�gd)w��h<�hj<ojqj^jo(jh�0�uh�0�01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s��s2�� 0@p`p��2(�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p��8x�v~�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh 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