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volume 42, issue 2, spring 2023
1. title: repercussions of a raid: health and education outcomes of children entangled in immigration enforcement
authors: carolyn heinrich, m�nica hern�ndez, mason shero
abstract: interior immigration enforcement in the u.s. has rapidly increased over the past two decades, including increased immigration and customs enforcement (ice) activity and the revival of workplace raids under the trump administration. we contribute to the body of research that aims to better understand the consequences of immigration enforcement for children in targeted communities, including on their education, health, and socioemotional well-being. we employ a mixed methods research design to investigate the effects of the sweeping april 2018 morristown, tennessee immigration raid on children's health and education outcomes. we utilize linked, longitudinal health and education data on children and a quasi-experimental design to analyze the effects of the raid on those residing in close proximity to the raid. interview data from community members and organizations in the affected area aid in better understanding how the raid unfolded and the mechanisms through which a community trauma such as this might affect children both directly and indirectly. our results indicate negative effects across multiple education and behavioral health outcomes for children of immigrants living in the area targeted by the raid, including a substantial spike in absences from school in the month of the raid and significant increases in exclusionary disciplinary actions and in diagnoses of substance use disorder, depression, self-harm, suicide attempts or ideation, and sexual abuse in the year following the raid.
2. title: health insurance and young adult financial distress
authors: nathan blascak, vyacheslav mikhed
abstract: we study how health insurance eligibility affects financial distress for young adults using the affordable care act's (aca) dependent coverage mandate%the part of the aca that requires private health insurance plans to cover individuals up to their 26th birthday. we examine the effects of both gaining and losing eligibility by exploiting the mandate's implementation in 2010 and its automatic disenrollment mechanism at age 26. our estimates show that increasing access to health insurance lowers young adults� out-of-pocket medical expenditures and debt in third-party collections. however, reductions in financial distress are transitory, as they diminish after an individual loses access to parental insurance when they age out of the mandate at age 26.
3. title: should i care or should i work? the impact of work on informal care
authors: ludovico carrino, vah� nafilyan, mauricio avendano
abstract: this paper provides novel evidence on how a sharp increase in labor force participation among older women affects the provision of informal care to their older parents. based on data from understanding society � the uk household longitudinal study, we use an instrumental variable approach that exploits a unique reform that increased the female state pension age by up to six years. our results provide evidence of a trade-off between the intensive margin of work and informal care provided outside the household: an increase of 10 hours of work per week reduces the provision of informal care by 2.1 hours a week, which amounts to roughly �2,100 of yearly care-hours lost. this reduction in caregiving is largest among women working in physically or psychosocially demanding jobs, and �sandwich generation� women who have both a living grandchild and a parent alive. using data from the english longitudinal study of ageing, we show that older parents whose daughters became ineligible to claim their pensions experienced a significant reduction in the amount of care they receive from their daughters, which was not compensated by an increase in formal care or other sources of support. our results suggest that policies that increase older workers� labor supply require changes in long-term care policy that compensate for the loss of informal care.
4. title: the push for racial equity in child welfare: can blind removals reduce disproportionality?
authors: e. jason baron, ezra g. goldstein, joseph ryan
abstract: we conduct the first quantitative analysis of �blind removals,� an increasingly popular reform that seeks to reduce the over-representation of black children in foster care by eliminating biases in the removal decisions of investigators. we first show that over-representation in most foster care systems is driven by black children being substantially more likely than white children to be investigated for maltreatment to begin with. conditional on initial rates of investigation, investigators remove white and black children similarly. second, we find no evidence that blind removals impacted the already small racial disparities in the removal decision, but they substantially increased time to removal.
5. title: improving the community college transfer pathway to the baccalaureate: the effect of california's associate degree for transfer
authors: rachel baker, elizabeth friedmann, michal kurlaender
abstract: the transfer between two-year and four-year colleges is a critical path to baccalaureate attainment. yet students face a number of barriers in transfer pathways, including a lack of coherent coordination and articulation between their community colleges and four-year institutions, resulting in excess units and increased time to degree. in this paper we evaluate the impact of california's student transfer achievement reform act, which aimed to create a more seamless pathway between the california community colleges and the california state university. we investigate whether the reform effort met its intended goal of improving baccalaureate receipt, and greater efficiency in earning these degrees, among community college transfer students. we tease out plausibly causal effects of the policy by leveraging the exogenous variation in the timing of the implementation of the reform in different campuses and fields of study. we find an overall positive effect on bachelor's degree attainment. this increase is driven entirely by increased transfer rather than an increased probability of earning a ba/bs conditional on transfer. we find only suggestive evidence that the policy led to greater efficiency (i.e., fewer units at graduation) in ba/bs receipt for transfer students. these findings are broadly consistent across student subgroups.
6. title: labor market returns to mbas from less-selective universities: evidence from a field experiment during covid-19
authors: christopher t. bennett
abstract: master's degree enrollment and debt have increased substantially in recent years, raising important questions about the labor market value of these credentials. using a field experiment featuring 9,480 job applications submitted during the early months of the covid-19 pandemic, i examine employers� responses to job candidates with a master of business administration (mba), which represents one-quarter of all master's degrees in the united states. i focus on mbas from three types of less-selective institutions that collectively enroll the vast majority of master's students: for-profit, online, and regional universities. despite the substantial time and expense required for these degrees, job candidates with mbas from all three types of institutions received positive responses from employers at the same rate as candidates who only had a bachelor's degree�even for positions that listed a preference for a master's degree. additionally, applicants with names suggesting they were black men received 30 percent fewer positive responses than otherwise equivalent applicants whose names suggested they were white men or women, providing further evidence of racial discrimination in hiring practices.
7. title: diminishing marginal returns to computer-assisted learning
authors: eric bettinger, robert fairlie, anastasia kapuza, elena kardanova, prashant loyalka, andrey zakharov
abstract: the previous expansion of edtech as a substitute for traditional learning around the world, the recent full-scale substitution due to covid-19, and potential future shifts to blended approaches suggest that it is imperative to understand input substitutability between in-person and online learning. we explore input substitutability in education by employing a novel randomized controlled trial that varies dosage of computer-assisted learning (cal) as a substitute for traditional learning through homework. moving from zero to a low level of cal, we find positive substitutability of cal for traditional learning. moving from a lower to a higher level of cal, substitutability changes and is either neutral or even negative. the estimates suggest that a blended approach of cal and traditional learning is optimal. the findings have direct implications for the rapidly expanding use of educational technology worldwide prior to, during, and after the pandemic.
8. title: unemployment insurance in survey and administrative data
authors: jeff larrimore, jacob mortenson, david splinter
abstract: unemployment insurance (ui) benefits were a central part of the social safety net during the covid-19 recession. ui benefits, however, are severely understated in surveys. using administrative tax data, we find that over half of ui benefits were missed in major survey data, with a greater understatement among low-income workers. as a result, 2020 official poverty rates were overstated by about 2 percentage points, and corrected poverty reached a six-decade low. we provide data to correct underreporting in surveys and show that, compared to ui benefits, the ui exclusion tax expenditure was less targeted at low incomes.
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9. title: america's energy gamble, by shanti gamper-rabindran, new york, ny (2022): cambridge university press, 529 pages, $29.99 (paperback).
authors: hal t. nelson
abstract: the article reviews the book �america's energy gamble: people, economy and planet� by shanti gamper-rabindran.
10. title: the new college classroom, by cathy davidson and christina katopodis, 2022, harvard university press, $35.00 (hardcover).
authors: shamini dias
abstract: the article reviews the book �the new college classroom� by cathy n. davidson and christina katopodis.
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authors: ciprian barnutiu
abstract: the article reviews the book �introducing political philosophy: a policy-driven approach� by andrew walton, william abel, elizabeth kahn, and tom parr.
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