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volume 69, issue 2, june 2024
1. title: license to broker: how mobility eliminates gender gaps in network advantage
authors: evelyn y. zhang, brandy l. aven, adam m. kleinbaum
abstract: brokerage in intra-organizational networks is critical to performance, but women exhibit less brokerage in their social networks and receive lower performance returns to the brokerage they exhibit than men do. we uncover a condition under which the gender gaps in network advantage are entirely negated: mobility. when women move between units of the organization, they increase their brokerage more than mobile men do. further, such mobility eliminates the gender gap in returns to brokerage. using a rich dataset including the personnel records, monthly performance, and email communications of thousands of employees in a large financial institution, we find support for our arguments by comparing the networks and objective performance of those who changed jobs with matched non-movers prior to and following each job change. in probing why this might be the case, we find that women movers are more likely to maintain communication ties to colleagues from their previous roles and that these persistent ties give them a discernible and gender-role-congruent explanation for connecting otherwise disconnected units and benefiting from network brokerage. our results illuminate important mechanisms by which social network dynamics and mobility affect gender inequality and performance in organizations.
2. title: words of a leader: the importance of intersectionality for understanding women leaders� use of dominant language and how others receive it
authors: cydney hurston dupree
abstract: management scholars have long examined gender disparities in leaders� communication and followers' reactions. there is, however, a paucity of research that takes an intersectional perspective. this article takes that step, using an intersectional lens to examine women leaders� use of dominant language and how others receive it. leveraging advances in natural-language processing, i analyzed the stereotype content of more than 250,000 congressional remarks (study 1) and almost one million tweets (study 2) by leaders. women leaders referenced dominance more than men did (using more words like �powerful�), violating stereotypes that depict women as submissive. however, as theory on racialized gender stereotypes suggests, this effect was unique to white leaders. two additional studies revealed backlash to women leaders� use of dominant language. analyzing almost 18,000 editorials revealed the more that women leaders referenced dominance, the more they were portrayed as dominant but also cold. effects were strongest for black and latina women (study 3). finally, an experiment using simulated social media profiles found the more that black women (but not men) leaders referenced dominance, the more voters rated them as less likeable, a result that was unique to black leaders (study 4). the article demonstrates the critical importance of intersectionality for understanding gender inequality in leaders� communication and its reception by the media and the public.
3. title: how beneficiaries become sources of normative control
authors: james chu
abstract: organizations can motivate and coordinate work by socializing members to internalize organizational values. existing theories posit that organizations achieve normative control through encapsulation, wherein peers and managers are primary sources of members� socialization. drawing on ethnographic data from a not-for-profit school, i show how an external actor�beneficiaries�can become a source of normative control. i develop a multistage process that explains how teachers were socialized by parents, specifically by hearing these parent beneficiaries narrate their needs; engaging in collective storytelling about beneficiaries; experiencing episodic shaming centered on how teachers' daily performance met (or did not meet) beneficiaries� needs; and receiving validation from beneficiaries. because these sequential stages establish beneficiaries as sources of control through social interactions set in specific times and places, and establish shared emotional states among organizational members, i theorize that these stages compose a ritual of integration. although teachers initially arrived at the school with heterogeneous values, this ritual led many of them to internalize the organizational value of self-sacrifice. teachers who were unmoved by parents� stories or came to see parents as exploitative did not internalize this value, and they tended to exit the organization. this study reveals how normative control can arise not only through socialization from in-group members but also from ritual interactions with and about beneficiaries.
4. title: co-constructing community and entrepreneurial identity: how founders ascribe self-referential meanings to entrepreneurship
authors: eliana crosina
abstract: drawing on a 2.5-year ethnography of first-time founders in a coworking facility, i shed light on the process by which founders ascribe self-referential meaning to entrepreneurship�that is, how they develop an entrepreneurial identity in situ. i discovered that founders� use of the coworking space occasioned distinct interaction patterns. over time, varying interactions played a central role in whether the workspace became a community or remained a mere office space to these founders. such emergent spatial meanings were coupled with whether founders themselves developed as entrepreneurs or not within their workspace. founders� perceptions of the workspace as a community were generally associated with their identifying more as entrepreneurs, while their perceptions of the workspace as an office were usually linked with their identifying less, and even disidentifying, as entrepreneurs. in explaining these dynamics, i contribute to research on identity and space, research on entrepreneurial identity, and broader scholarship on space and interactions in organizations. for first-time founders, the meanings associated with being an entrepreneur can be equivocal, and where they work helps to shape their answers to the questions �what is entrepreneurship to me?� and �who am i?�
5. title: trusting talent: cross-country differences in hiring
authors: letian zhang, shinan wang
abstract: this article argues that a society�s level of social trust influences employers� hiring strategies. employers can focus either on applicants� potential and select on foundational skills (e.g., social skills, math skills) or on their readiness and select on more-advanced skills (e.g., pricing a derivative). the higher (lower) the social trust�people�s trust in their fellow members of society�the more (less) employers are willing to invest in employees and grant them role flexibility. employers in higher-trust societies are therefore more attentive to applicants� potential, focusing more on foundational skills than on advanced skills. we empirically test this theory by using a novel dataset of more than 50 million job postings from the 28 european union countries. we find that the higher a country�s social trust, the more its employers require foundational skills instead of advanced skills. our identification strategy takes advantage of multinational firms in our sample and uses measures of bilateral (country-to-country) trust to predict job requirements, while including an instrumental variable and fixed effects on country, year, employer, and occupation. these findings suggest a novel pathway by which social trust shapes employment practices and organizational strategies.
6. title: the making of the �good bad� job: how algorithmic management manufactures consent through constant and confined choices
authors: lindsey d. cameron
abstract: this research explores how a new relation of production�the shift from human managers to algorithmic managers on digital platforms�manufactures workplace consent. while most research has argued that the task standardization and surveillance that accompany algorithmic management will give rise to the quintessential �bad job� (kalleberg, reskin, and hudson, 2000; kalleberg, 2011), i find that, surprisingly, many workers report liking and finding choice while working under algorithmic management. drawing on a seven-year qualitative study of the largest sector in the gig economy, the ride-hailing industry, i describe how workers navigate being managed by an algorithm. i begin by showing how algorithms segment the work at multiple sites of human�algorithm interactions and how this configuration of the work process allows for more-frequent and narrow choice. i find that workers use two sets of tactics. in engagement tactics, individuals generally follow the algorithmic nudges and do not try to get around the system; in deviance tactics, individuals manipulate their input into the algorithmic management system. while the behaviors associated with these tactics are practical opposites, they both elicit consent, or active, enthusiastic participation by workers to align their efforts with managerial interests, and both contribute to workers seeing themselves as skillful agents. however, this choice-based consent can mask the more-structurally problematic elements of the work, contributing to the growing popularity of what i call the �good bad� job.
7. title: defining who you are by whom you serve? strategies for prosocial�professional identity integration with clients
authors: lakshmi ramarajan, julie yen
abstract: many professionals want to both achieve professional success and contribute to society. yet, in some professional contexts, these aims are in tension because serving elite clients is considered the pinnacle of professional success, but professionals themselves may view serving this clientele as antithetical to making a societal contribution. drawing on interviews with 84 architects and designers who self-identify as people seeking to contribute to society�that is, who hold a prosocial identity�we develop theory about how professionals navigate tensions between their prosocial and professional identities and with what consequences for their work with clients. we identified four strategies that professionals used to ease these tensions, all of which gave the prosocially oriented professionals a sense of identity integration. however, these strategies differently shaped professionals� approach to power relations with the client, depending on the client�s status and the types of knowledge and skills each professional viewed as central to their work. professionals with marginalized social identities, such as women and ethnic/racial minorities, were more likely than others to embrace working with low-status clients and to use broader definitions of the knowledge and skills required for their work. our findings contribute to scholarship on professional identity construction and prosocial work.
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8. title: vili lehdonvirta. cloud empires: how digital platforms are overtaking the state and how we can regain control
authors: nan jia
abstract: the article reviews the book cloud empires: how digital platforms are overtaking the state and how we can regain control� by vili lehdonvirta.
9. title: juan pablo pardo-guerra. the quantified scholar: how research evaluations transformed the british social sciences
authors: w. chad carlos, isaac st. clair
abstract: the article reviews the book �the quantified scholar: how research evaluations transformed the british social sciences� by juan pablo pardo-guerra.
10. title: michael l. siciliano. creative control: the ambivalence of work in the culture industries
authors: sarah harvey
abstract: the article reviews the book �creative control: the ambivalence of work in the culture industries� by michael l. siciliano.
11. title: allison elias. the rise of corporate feminism: women in the american office, 1960�1990
authors: caitlin rosenthal
abstract: the article reviews the book �the rise of corporate feminism: women in the american office, 1960�1990� by allison elias.
12. title: lorraine daston. rules: a short history of what we live by
authors: roger friedland
abstract: the article reviews the book �!(*2359>?@bk�����
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13. title:diane vaughan. dead reckoning: air traffic control, system effects, and risk
authors: stephen r. barley
abstract: the article reviews the book �dead reckoning: air traffic control, system effects, and risk� by diane vaughan.
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