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volume 43, issue 2, spring 2024
1. title: drinking water contaminant concentrations and birth outcomes
authors: richard w. disalvo, elaine l. hill
abstract: previous research in the u.s. has found negative health effects of contamination when it triggers regulatory violations. an important question is whether levels of contamination that do not trigger a health-based violation impact health. we study the impact of drinking water contamination in community water systems on birth outcomes using drinking water sampling results data in pennsylvania. we focus on the effects of water contamination for births not exposed to regulatory violations. our most rigorous specification employs mother fixed effects and finds changing from the 10th to the 90th percentile of water contamination (among births not exposed to regulatory violations) increases low birth weight by 12% and preterm birth by 17%.
2. title: medicaid generosity and food hardship among children
authors: nicholas moellman, cody n. vaughn
abstract: we explore the role of the largest means-tested transfer program, medicaid, on multiple measures of food hardship among households with children, including measures that capture hardship explicitly experienced by children. using data from the 2001 to 2020 waves of the december current population survey, we identify the effect of having a medicaid-eligible child on household food hardship by exploiting between-state, over-time, and between-household income eligibility criteria. we find that having an eligible child reduces rates of household food insecurity and very low food security by 20% and 26%, respectively. among children themselves, eligibility reduces rates of food insecurity and very low food security by 22% each. the effects are stronger for households headed by black and hispanic individuals as well as households that have children under 6 years old.
3. title: nurse practitioner scope of practice and patient harm: evidence from medical malpractice payouts and adverse action reports
authors: sara markowitz, andrew j. d. smith
abstract: many states have recently changed their scope of practice laws and granted full practice authority to nurse practitioners, allowing them to practice without oversight from physicians. physician groups have argued against this change, citing patient safety concerns. in this paper, we use a ratio-in-ratio approach to evaluate whether the transition to full practice authority results in harm to patients as proxied by malpractice payouts and adverse action reports against nurse practitioners. we find no evidence of such harm, and instead find that physicians may benefit from the law change in terms of reduced paid malpractice cases against them.
4. title: smoking, information, and education: the royal college of physicians and the new public health movement
authors: jonathan james
abstract: on march 7, 1962 the royal college of physicians published a report entitled smoking and health that made the causal link between smoking and lung cancer clear and explicit. using a historical data set that contains information on smoking from 1958 to 1965, i find a decrease in smoking for those with more schooling after the report's publication. i do not find a difference in the effect for those with greater access to information (measured by tv ownership or newspaper readership). this suggests the education health gradient is more likely due to processing of information rather than access to information.
5. title: the crime effect of refugees
authors: mevlude akbulut-yuksel, naci mocan, semih tumen, belgi turan
abstract: we analyze the impact on crime of millions of refugees who entered and stayed in turkey as a result of the civil war in syria. using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors� offices in 81 provinces of the country each year, and utilizing the staggered movement of refugees across provinces over time, we estimate instrumental variables models that address potential endogeneity of the number of refugees and their location and find that an increase in the number of refugees leads to more crime. we estimate that the influx of refugees between 2012 and 2016 generated additional 75,000 to 150,000 crimes per year, although it is not possible to identify the distribution of these crimes between refugees and natives. additional analyses reveal that a low-educated native population has a separate, but smaller, effect on crime. our results underline the need to quickly strengthen the social safety systems, to take actions to dampen the impact on the labor market, and to provide support to the criminal justice system for mitigating the repercussions of massive influx of individuals into a country, and to counter the social and political backlash that typically emerges in the wake of such large-scale population movements.
6. title: information campaigns and public perceptions of structural reforms: evidence from a survey experiment on gasoline subsidy reform in nigeria
authors: joonseok yang, tom moerenhout
abstract: governments often reform financial policies, such as industrial subsidies taxes and currency exchange rates, during times of fiscal distress. existing studies suggest that information campaigns can improve popular support for policy reforms that promise longer term macroeconomic growth but come with short-term financial costs to people's livelihoods. this article assesses the effects of information campaigns on the acceptance of fossil fuel subsidy reforms in nigeria, a type of fiscal reform that many developing countries may adopt in the coming years. a randomized survey experiment imbedded in a nationally representative survey of nigerian households investigates whether information interventions lead nigerians to change their opinion on fossil fuel subsidy reforms. we find that merely providing factual information does not affect whether or not people support fossil fuel subsidy reforms. moreover, we find that factual information helps supporters articulate their preferences and weakens the propensity of opponents to use wrongful information to justify their position.
7. title: unemployment insurance benefit reduction and food hardship
authors: chandra dhakal, yufeng luo, shaonan wang, chen zhen
abstract: we leverage the sharp drop in unemployment insurance (ui) benefits following the expiration of the federal pandemic unemployment compensation program to estimate the consumption smoothing effect of ui. the $600/week decline in supplemental ui benefits is estimated to reduce total food spending by 9.7% and the odds of having food sufficiency by 6.0%. the estimate for food spending translates to a marginal propensity to spend on food out of ui benefits of 0.06, or a 1.2% reduction in food spending for every 10 percentage point decline in ui replacement rate (calculated as the ratio of ui benefits to pre-unemployment wages). we find that the consumption effect of ui is countercyclical, greater when economic conditions are weak. the ui effect is also heterogeneous over respondents differentiated by race and ethnicity, income, homeownership, presence of children, state unemployment rates, and state ui generosity. the estimated effect of ui on self-assessed food sufficiency and confidence about future food sufficiency is largely consistent with the food spending results.
8. title: the racial wealth gap, financial aid, and college access
authors: phillip b. levine, dubravka ritter
abstract: we examine how the racial wealth gap interacts with financial aid in american higher education to generate a disparate impact on college access and outcomes. retirement savings and home equity are excluded from the formula used to estimate the amount a family can afford to pay. all else equal, omitting those assets mechanically increases the financial aid available to families that hold them. white families are more likely to own those assets and in larger amounts. we document this issue and explore its relationship with observed differences in college attendance, types of institutions attended, degrees attained, and education debt using data from the survey of consumer finances (scf), the national postsecondary student aid study (npsas), and the panel study of income dynamics (psid). we show that this treatment of assets provides an implicit subsidy worth thousands of dollars annually to students from families with above-median incomes. white students receive larger subsidies relative to black students and hispanic students with similar family incomes, and this gap in subsidies is associated with disadvantages in educational advancement and student loan levels. it may explain 10 percent to 15 percent of white students� advantage in these outcomes relative to black students and hispanic students.
9. title: the re-emerging suicide crisis in the u.s.: patterns, causes and solutions
authors: dave e. marcotte, benjamin hansen
abstract: the suicide rate in the united states has risen nearly 40% since 2000. this increase is puzzling because suicide rates had been falling for decades at the end of the 20th century. in this paper, we review important facts about the changing rate of suicide. general trends do not tell the story of important differences across groups�suicide rates rose substantially among middle-aged persons between 2005 and 2015 but have fallen since. among young people, suicide rates began a rapid rise after 2010 that has not abated. we review empirical evidence to assess potential causes for recent changes in suicide rates. the economic hardship caused by the great recession played an important role in rising suicide among prime-aged americans. among those under 25, nearly all the increase in suicide mortality during the 2010s can be explained by an increase in the prevalence of depression. bullying victimization of lgbtq youth could also account for part of the rise in suicide. the evidence that access to firearms or opioids are major drivers of recent suicide trends is less clear. we end by summarizing evidence on the most promising policies to reduce suicide mortality.
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10. title: voting in indian country: view from the trenches by jean reith schroedel. pennsylvania: university of pennsylvania press, 2020, 312 pp., $39.95 (hardcover). isbn 978 0812252514.
authors: tessa provins
abstract: the article reviews the book �voting in indian country: view from the trenches by jean reith schroedel� by jean reith schroedel.
11. title: global plastic pollution and its regulation: history, trends, perspectives by gerry nagtzaam, geert van calster, steve kourabas, and elena karataeva, edward elgar publishing, 2023, 343 pp., $165 (us) (hardcover). isbn 978-1800373549.
authors: maja primorac
abstract: the article reviews the book �global plastic pollution and its regulation: history, trends, perspectives� by gerry nagtzaam and geert van calster.
12. title: why snap works: a political history�and defense�of the food stamp program by christopher busso. oakland, ca: university of california press, 2023, 257 pp., $24.95 (us) (hardcover). isbn 978--0520392816.
authors: laura r. peck
abstract: the article reviews the book �why snap works: a political history�and defense�of the food stamp program� by christopher john bosso.
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