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volume 86, issue 6, december 2021
1. title: does schooling decrease socioeconomic inequality in early achievement? a differential exposure approach
authors: giampiero passaretta, jan skopek
abstract: does schooling affect socioeconomic inequality in educational achievement? earlier studies based on seasonal comparisons suggest schooling can equalize social gaps in learning. yet recent replication studies have given rise to skepticism about the validity of older findings. we shed new light on the debate by estimating the causal effect of 1st-grade schooling on achievement inequality by socioeconomic family background in germany. we elaborate a differential exposure approach that estimates the effect of exposure to 1st-grade schooling by exploiting (conditionally) random variation in test dates and birth dates for children who entered school on the same calendar day. we use recent data from the german neps to test school-exposure effects for a series of learning domains. findings clearly indicate that 1st-grade schooling increases children�s learning in all domains. however, we do not find any evidence that these schooling effects differ by children�s socioeconomic background. we conclude that, although all children gain from schooling, schooling has no consequences for social inequality in learning. we discuss the relevance of our findings for sociological knowledge on the role of schooling in the process of stratification and highlight how our approach complements seasonal comparison studies.
2. title: discipline and empower: the state governance of migrant domestic workers
authors: rhacel salazar parre�as
abstract: how do states manage their populations? some scholars see the state as primarily governing through punishment, but how might the state engage in other forms of disciplining subjects? i address these questions by exploring the state management of labor migration through interviews and participant observation of compulsory government workshops. i look at the case of filipino domestic workers in arab states. states are said to exercise bio-power when they market and discipline migrants to be competitive and compliant workers, in the process ignoring migrant vulnerabilities. in contrast, this article establishes that sending states attend to migrant vulnerabilities. in addition to bio-power, states also exercise pastoral power, caring for the well-being of migrants through the creation of labor standards, regulation of migration, and education policies. this analysis extends our understanding of the state management of migration as well as the state management of populations as it advances foucault�s discussion of the exercise of power.
3. title: does protest against police violence matter? evidence from u.s. cities, 1990 through 2019
authors: susan olzak
abstract: an underlying premise of democratic politics is that protest can be an effective form of civic engagement that shapes policy changes desired by marginalized groups. but it is not certain that this premise holds up under scrutiny. this article presents a three-part argument that protest (1) signals the salience of a movement�s focal issue and expands awareness that an issue is a social problem requiring a solution, (2) empowers residents in disadvantaged communities and raises a sense of community cohesion, which together (3) raise costs and exert pressure on elites to make concessions. the empirical analysis examines the likelihood that a city will establish a civilian review board (crb). it then compares the effects of protest and crb presence on counts of officer-involved fatalities by race and ethnicity. two main hypotheses about the effect of protest are supported: cities with more protest against police brutality are significantly more likely to establish a crb, and protest against police brutality reduces officer-involved fatalities for african american and latino (but not for white) individuals. however, the establishment of crbs does not reduce fatalities, as some have hoped. nonetheless, mobilizing against police brutality matters, even in the absence of civilian review boards.
4. title: consolidated advantage: new organizational dynamics of wage inequality
authors: nathan wilmers, clem aeppli
abstract: the two main axes of inequality in the u.s. labor market�occupation and workplace�have increasingly consolidated. in 1999, the largest share of employment at high-paying workplaces was blue-collar production workers, but by 2017 it was managers and professionals. as such, workers benefiting from a high-paying workplace are increasingly those who already benefit from membership in a high-paying occupation. drawing on occupation-by-workplace data, we show that up to two-thirds of the rise in wage inequality since 1999 can be accounted for not by occupation or workplace inequality alone, but by this increased consolidation. consolidation is not primarily due to outsourcing or to occupations shifting across a fixed set of workplaces. instead, consolidation has resulted from new bases of workplace pay premiums. workplace premiums associated with teams of professionals have increased, while premiums for previously high-paid blue-collar workers have been cut. yet the largest source of consolidation is bifurcation in the social sector, whereby some previously low-paying but high-professional share workplaces, like hospitals and schools, have deskilled their jobs, while others have raised pay. broadly, the results demonstrate an understudied way that organizations affect wage inequality: not by directly increasing variability in workplace or occupation premiums, but by consolidating these two sources of inequality.
5. title: pathways toward inclusive income growth: a comparative decomposition of national growth profiles
authors: zachary j. parolin, janet c. gornick
abstract: despite rising interest in income inequality, scholars remain divided over the mechanisms underlying inclusive income growth and how these mechanisms vary across countries. this study introduces the concept of national growth profiles, that is, the additive contribution of changes in taxes, transfers, composition, and other factors including market institutions to changes across a country�s income distribution. we present a decomposition framework to measure national growth profiles for eight high-income countries from the 1980s to 2010s. our findings adjudicate competing sociological and economic perspectives on rising inequality. first, we find that policy-driven changes in taxes and transfers are the dominant drivers of inclusive growth at the tails of the income distributions. second, rising educational attainment contributes most to income growth across the distribution, but consistently contributes to less-inclusive growth. when changes in education are considered, changes in assortative mating and single parenthood have little consequence for changes in inequality. third, changes to other factors including market institutions increased inequality in countries such as the united states, but less so in france and germany. had the united states matched the changes to dutch tax policy, danish transfer policy, or other factors of most other countries, it could have achieved more inclusive income growth than observed.
6. title: facets of specialization and its relation to career success: an analysis of u.s. sociology, 1980 to 2015
authors: raphael h. heiberger, sebastian munoz-najar galvez, daniel a. mcfarland
abstract: we investigate how sociology students garner recognition from niche field audiences through specialization. our dataset comprises over 80,000 sociology-related dissertations completed at u.s. universities, as well as data on graduates� pursuant publications. we analyze different facets of how students specialize�topic choice, focus, novelty, and consistency. to measure specialization types within a consistent methodological frame, we utilize structural topic modeling. these measures capture specialization strategies used at an early career stage. we connect them to a crucial long-term outcome in academia: becoming an advisor. event-history models reveal that specific topic choices and novel combinations exhibit a positive influence, whereas focused theses make no substantial difference. in particular, theses related to the cultural turn, methods, or race are tied to academic careers that lead to mentorship. thematic consistency of students� publication track also has a strong positive effect on the chances of becoming an advisor. yet, there are diminishing returns to consistency for highly productive scholars, adding important nuance to the well-known imperative of publish or perish in academic careers.
7. title: the complexity of associative diffusion: reassessing the relationship between network structure and cultural variation
authors: daniel dellaposta, marjan davoodi
abstract: goldberg and stein (2018) present an innovative agent-based computational model that shows how cultural associations can diffuse through superficial interpersonal interactions. they counterintuitively argue that segmented networks�for example, those resembling �small worlds� with dense local clustering�inhibit rather than promote cultural diffusion. this finding is notable because it breaks with a long line of influential research showing that local clustering is crucial to diffusion in cases where behaviors and practices�including cultural beliefs�require multiple reinforcements in order to spread. replicating goldberg and stein�s model, we find this result only holds consistently in settings approximating small-group interactions. in models with larger populations, and where cultural associations require repeated reinforcement through social observation, locally clustered small-world networks can promote global cultural variation as well as globally-connected networks, and sometimes do so better. the complex interactions among parameters that lead to this reversal in goldberg and stein�s model are instructive for theoretical models of interpersonal influence.
8. title: associative diffusion and the pitfalls of structural reductionism
authors: amir goldberg
abstract: in their insightful comment, dellaposta and davoodi argue that our finding (goldberg and stein 2018) that segmented networks inhibit cultural differentiation does not generalize to large networks. however, their demonstration rests on an incorrect implementation of the preference updating process in the associative diffusion model. we show that once this discrepancy is corrected, cultural differentiation is more pronounced in fully connected networks, irrespective of network size and even under extreme assumptions about cognitive decay. we use this as an opportunity to discuss the associative diffusion model�s assumptions and scope conditions, as well as to critically reassess prevailing contagion-based diffusion models.
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