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volume 42, issue 3, summer 2023
1. title: investigating the causal effects of arts education
authors: daniel h. bowen, brian kisida
abstract: there is a paucity of research on the causal relationship between arts learning and educational outcomes. investigating these relationships has become imperative as policymakers increasingly prioritize empirical evidence of educational impacts, which often leads to curriculum narrowing that favors traditionally-tested subjects. employing a randomized controlled trial with 42 elementary and middle schools in houston, texas, we find that randomly assigning arts educational opportunities reduces disciplinary infractions, improves writing achievement, and increases students� emotional empathy. students in elementary schools, which were the primary focus of the program, also experience increases in school engagement, college aspirations, and cognitive empathy. as the first large-scale randomized control trial of arts learning in an authentic school setting, these findings provide strong evidence that the arts can produce meaningful impacts on students� academic outcomes and social-emotional development. education policymakers should consider these benefits when assessing the role of the arts in schools.
2. title: the impact of reverse transfer associate degrees on education and labor market outcomes
authors: taylor k. odle, lauren c. russell
abstract: reverse transfer associate degrees are credentials retroactively awarded to current bachelor's degree seekers, combining four-year credits with credits previously earned at a community college. using administrative data from tennessee, we use a difference-in-difference design to compare students before and after receipt of a reverse transfer degree to similar students over time. we find reverse transfer degrees have little impact on students� academic outcomes (gpa, credits, and bachelor's degree attainment) and labor market outcomes (employment and earnings). our findings contrast with existing descriptive work reporting large benefits of such degrees, due to our methodological improvements and more robust data. the null effect on earnings suggests that returns to an associate degree are driven by human capital gains rather than signaling in the reverse transfer student population.
3. title: unveiling the price of obscenity: evidence from closing prostitution windows in amsterdam
authors: erasmo giambona, rafael p. ribas
abstract: does legitimating sinful activities have a cost? this paper examines the relationship between housing demand and overt prostitution in amsterdam. in our empirical design, we exploit the spatial discontinuity in the location of brothel windows created by canals, combined with a policy that forcibly closed some of the windows near these canals. to pin down their effect on housing prices, we apply a difference-in-discontinuity (did) estimator, which controls for the precise location of brothel windows and the effect of other policies and local developments. our results show that the housing prices are discontinuous at the bordering canals, and this discontinuity nearly disappears after closures. the discontinuity is also found to decrease with the distance to brothels, disappearing after 300 yards. our estimates indicate that homes right next to sex workers were 30 percent cheaper before the closures. this result seems unrelated to the presence of other businesses, such as bars and cannabis shops. instead, the price discount is partly explained by petty crimes. however, 73 percent of the effect remains unexplained after controlling for many forms of crime and risk perception. our findings suggest that households tend to be against the visible presence of sex workers and related nuisances, reaffirming their marginalization.
4. title: the effect of safety net generosity on maternal mental health and risky health behaviors
authors: lucie schmidt, lara shore-sheppard, tara watson
abstract: single mothers are more likely to experience mental health problems and stress-related negative health behaviors than their married counterparts, but a more generous safety net may improve these outcomes. we use a simulated safety net eligibility approach that accounts for interactions across safety net programs and relies on changing policies across states and time to identify causal effects of safety net generosity on psychological distress and risky behaviors of single mothers. results suggest that a more generous safety net is protective of maternal mental health: a $1,000 increase to the simulated potential combined cash and food benefit package reduces severe psychological distress by 8.4 percent. breaking out effects by individual programs while still controlling for potential benefits from other programs, we find protective effects of tax credits, cash benefits provided by temporary assistance for needy families, and food benefits provided by supplemental nutritional assistance, but no effects of medicaid eligibility. the effects are primarily driven by single mothers with the lowest levels of education. we find no significant effects of generosity on daily smoking, but we find evidence that benefits reduce the likelihood of heavy drinking. results suggest that government investments in resources available to low-income families can be effective at improving well-being.
5. title: pain management and work capacity: evidence from workers� compensation and marijuana legalization
authors: rahi abouk, keshar m. ghimire, johanna catherine maclean, david powell
abstract: we study whether the work capacity of the older working population responds to improved pain management therapy access. we use the adoption of state recreational marijuana laws (rmls) as a large policy shock to access to a non-pharmaceutical pain management option. we focus on workers� compensation cash benefit receipt as a measure of work capacity, finding that receipt declines in response to rml adoption. workers� compensation cash benefits are awarded to workers who require time away from work to recover from an injury, which arguably captures a policy-relevant aspect of work capacity. we observe similar shifts in complementary proxies for work capacity, including work-limiting disability rates. after considering a range of alternative mechanisms, the evidence suggests that the primary driver of the reductions in workers� compensation benefits is improvements in work capacity.
6. title: the covid cash transfer study: the impacts of a one-time unconditional cash transfer on the well-being of families receiving snap in twelve states
authors: natasha v. pilkauskas, brian a. jacob, elizabeth rhodes, katherine richard, h. luke shaefer
abstract: there is growing interest in the use of unconditional cash transfers as a means to alleviate poverty, yet little is known about the effects of such transfers in the u.s. this paper reports on the results of a randomized controlled study of a one-time $1,000 unconditional cash transfer in may 2020 to families with low incomes in 12 u.s. states. the families were receiving, or had recently received, supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits. we examine the impact of the cash transfer on five pre-registered outcomes (material hardship, mental health, parenting, child behavior, partner relationships) and several secondary outcomes (hardship avoidance, consumption, employment, benefit use). we find no statistically significant effects (powered to detect effects of 0.09 standard deviations) of the cash transfer on any outcomes for the full sample. in pre-specified exploratory analyses, we find significant reductions in material hardship (-0.17 standard deviations) among families with less than $500 of earnings in the previous month, roughly the bottom 50 percent of monthly earnings for the study sample.
7. title: fiscal exchange and tax compliance: evidence from a field experiment
authors: simeon sch�chtele, hu�scar eguino, soraya roman
abstract: behavioral interventions appealing to taxpayers� reciprocity often leave tax compliance unaffected. we provide evidence that a �fiscal exchange nudge� increased tax compliance in a setting where one might not expect it: crisis-ridden argentina. in a randomized controlled trial with over 20,000 taxpayers, a tax bill visually celebrating realized public works benefiting children increased payment rates of tax delinquents by about 20 percent, or almost 40 percent when the bills were delivered in person. without the appeal, the new bill design generated significantly fewer payments. changes in the design of the tax bill also increased arrears cancellation. we estimate the ratio of marginal revenues to costs for the fiscal exchange bill to be 18. the factors we associate with the unexpectedly positive impacts are consistent with strengthening an affective response. we find persistent effects of the experiment two years later. the results suggest that communities have more scope to increase tax revenues through non-threatening interventions.
8. title: immigration policy and hispanic representation in national elections
authors: catalina amuedo-dorantes, jos� r. bucheli
abstract: for the first time in u.s. history, after decades of unprecedented growth in interior immigration enforcement disproportionately impacting latinos, ten percent of the u.s. house of representatives is hispanic. using congressional district-level data on all candidates participating in general elections to the u.s. house of representatives between 2008 and 2018, we show that intensified immigration enforcement suppressed hispanics� representation in congressional elections. the effect�nonexistent for other minorities, such as non-hispanic black candidates, as well as in primary elections�is driven by local police-based measures and diminished electoral support. furthermore, it appears more harmful during midterm elections and in localities without a sanctuary policy.
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9. title: what we owe the future by william macaskill, basic books, 2023, 368 pp., $32 (hardcover); $18.99 (ebook); $19.99 (paper).
authors: joshua tasoff
abstract: the article reviews the book what we owe the future by william macaskill.
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authors: maliha a. hussain, amay v. singh
abstract: the article reviews the book �the deadly intersections of covid-19: race, states, inequalities and global society� by sunera thobani.
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