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volume 33, issue 4, october 2023
1. title: (mis)led by an outsider: abusive supervision, disengagement, and silence in politicized bureaucracies
authors: joana story, gabriela lotta, gustavo m tavares
abstract: employing loyal external appointees has been identified as a key strategy used by incumbents to gain control over the state bureaucracy. this phenomenon is known as politicization and has been associated with democratic backsliding. frequently, career civil servants perceive these appointees as illegitimate outsiders, leaders whose main objective is to ensure political compliance rather than advance the organization�s mission. in this study, we explore how civil servants interpret the presence of outside leaders in their organizations in the context of politicization and how this influences their job attitudes and behaviors. we use a mixed methods exploratory sequential design to examine a recent case of politicization in environmental agencies in brazil. first, we interviewed 25 civil servants who reported an environment of abuse, fear, disengagement, and alienation due to the actions of outside leaders. we identified silence (both defensive and acquiescent) as a key outcome of this process. we extended and confirmed these findings with a quantitative study using a new sample of 255 civil servants. this second study allowed us to test the relationship between the variables identified in the qualitative analysis. our combined findings indicate that politicization may reduce the effectiveness and capability of public agencies not only because some external appointees lack competence or a commitment the organization�s mission (as suggested by previous studies), but also because their behaviors and decisions can have a significant negative impact on civil servants� job attitudes and behaviors.
2. title: climbing the velvet drainpipe: class background and career progression within the uk civil service
authors: sam friedman
abstract: although the theory of representative bureaucracy originates from concerns about the class composition of the public sector workforce, questions of class background have been notably absent in subsequent scholarship. in this article, i take advantage of new data on the class backgrounds of uk civil servants (n = 308, 566) to, first, explore descriptively how class shapes the composition of the civil service, both vertically in terms of occupational grade and horizontally in terms of department, location, and profession. i show that those from working-class backgrounds are not only under-represented in the civil service as a whole but also this skew is particularly acute in propulsive departments like the treasury, locations like london and in the senior civil service. this initial descriptive analysis then acts as the staging point for the central qualitative component of my analysis, drawing on 104 in-depth interviews across 4 case-study departments. here, i identify three unwritten rules of career progression that tend to act as barriers for those from working-class backgrounds; access to accelerator jobs; organizational ambiguity in promotion processes; and sorting into operational (versus policy) tracks that have progression bottlenecks. this analysis highlights the need for more work on class representation, as well as underlining how representative bureaucracy may be impeded by patterns of horizontal as well as vertical segregation, particularly in work areas that have an outsized influence on policy design.
3. title: sex, race, and the allocation of credit in dispersed teams: whose contributions to team success get noticed and whose get neglected
authors: john d marvel
abstract: when the members of a team work together in pursuit of a collective goal, who stands out? we analyze this question by focusing on how managers allocate credit among a team�s members when employee performance is difficult to observe. we argue that under conditions of incomplete information, managers use whatever information they have readily at hand�even if it is only crudely reflective of individual performance�to make inferences about team members� contributions to team success. we further argue that these inferences will tend to disadvantage women and persons of color relative to white men. our information-based perspective points to additional propositions that are theoretically novel: imperfect information will be more severe when a team member works remotely; consequently, team members who are colocated with their manager will be more likely than non-colocated team members to receive recognition for their contributions to team success. moreover, we argue that any informational disadvantages attaching to remoteness will vary by team members� race/sex. we use micro-data on 121,809 federal employees who are nested in 31,188 group award instances, and employ a fixed effects approach to test these and related propositions. our findings� key implications for theory are that managers allocating credit among a group�s members will tend to do so suboptimally in demographically diverse, geographically dispersed groups. these managers will tend to overlook the contributions of women and persons of color, and will also tend to overlook the contributions of remote team members.
4. title: the potential of meta-ethnography in the study of public administration: a worked example on social security encounters in advanced liberal democracies
authors: john boswell and stuart smedley
abstract: the purpose of this article is to highlight meta-ethnography�the interpretive synthesis of ethnographic studies on a given theme�as a useful tool in the study of social policy and public administration. we claim this approach can maximize the impact of rich idiographic research to enable theory-refining and evidence-building efforts in the field. we illustrate these benefits through reference to a worked example focused on public encounters with social security in advanced liberal democracies. we show how we drew together 49 ethnographic studies from a variety of disciplines to identify repertoires of response that citizens exercise in their encounters with the contemporary welfare state. through this analysis, we demonstrate how meta-ethnography can shed new light on topical contemporary debates about administrative burden. we conclude by reflecting on the prospects and limits of this technique for broader use in the field.
5. title: do institutions matter? the impact of budget expertise on state fiscal responsibility
authors: colin emrich
abstract: do governmental institutions constrain state actors? i investigate this question by examining the relationship between the design of state legislative fiscal offices and the health of state budgets. these budgetary bodies serve a supporting role for legislatures, designed to advance sound fiscal policy and sustainable public finance. with an original data set encompassing all state legislative budgetary bodies from 1963 to 2014, i estimate the causal effects of nonpartisan fiscal offices on budget surpluses with a generalized difference-in-differences estimator. my results show that the presence of these fiscal offices within legislatures does not affect a state�s fiscal well-being. this result holds even when legislative fiscal offices are relatively empowered in the budget process, raising doubts about how state lawmakers use nonpartisan budgetary information in funding the government.
6. title: how communities benefit from collaborative governance: experimental evidence in ugandan oil and gas
authors: eric a coleman, bill schultz, a rani parker, jacob manyindo, emmanuel m mukuru
abstract: this paper reports the results of a field experiment to assess the collaborative effects of community participation in the ugandan oil and gas sector. our research design assesses collaborative impacts as relational between community members and different decision-makers in the sector and measures these impacts from the point of view of local people. local people often face power imbalances in collaborative governance. decision-makers are increasingly attempting to mitigate such imbalances to improve outcomes for communities, but little experimental evidence exists showing the impact of such efforts. using multilevel ordered logit models, we estimate positive treatment effects, finding that encouraging the equitable participation of communities improves collaboration with other actors. next, we use machine-learning techniques to demonstrate a method for targeting communities most likely to benefit from the intervention. we estimate that purposefully targeting communities that would benefit most yields a treatment effect about twice as large, relative to pure random assignment. our results provide evidence that interventions mindful of community needs can improve collaborative governance and shows how such communities can be most effectively targeted. the experiment took place across 107 villages (53 treatment and 54 control) and the unit of statistical analysis is the household, where we report outcomes measured from 6,062 household surveys (approximately half at baseline and half at endline).
7. title: theorizing multilevel closure structures guiding forum participation
authors: harrison fried, matthew hamilton, ramiro berardo
abstract: understanding how stakeholders choose to participate in different policy forums is central to research on complex, polycentric governance systems. in this article, we draw upon the ecology of games theory (egt) to develop theoretical expectations about how four incentive structures may guide how actors navigate the world of policy forums. we test these expectations using unique data on a three-mode network of actors, forums, and issues related to climate change adaption in the state of ohio, in the us midwest. results of an exponential random graph model suggest that multilevel closure structures, which are a function of transaction costs and direct benefits, guide actors� forum participation in ways that can either reinforce sub-optimal, ineffective governance arrangements, or conversely, encourage opportunities for innovation, increase diversity in representation, and facilitate policy learning. from a methodological standpoint, our research highlights the benefits of examining complex governance systems through the more precise approach allowed by three-mode network analysis, which has not been frequently used in research on polycentric governance systems up to this point.
8. title: democratic stakeholder representativeness
authors: sarah margaretha jastram and zara berberyan
abstract: stakeholder theory has been advocating the inclusion of affected parties in organizational processes to increase the legitimacy and effectiveness of organizational governance. however, organizations can fail to achieve these objectives if there is no systematic link between stakeholders and their constituency. based on democratic notions of representation, we argue that democratic stakeholder representativeness is an essential virtue of stakeholder governance processes. we conceptually derive authorization and accountability as normative elements of stakeholder representativeness and operationalize the construct by proposing empirical indicators of stakeholder representativeness as well as procedural guidance on their adoption in a practical governance context. by doing so, we contribute to the advancement of practical stakeholder governance as well as to the public management and organizational theory literature by specifying and operationalizing a construct that had previously been only vaguely defined.
9. title: race, locality, and representative bureaucracy: does community bias matter?
authors: joohyung park and nathan favero
abstract: despite burgeoning research on representative bureaucracy theory, there is limited examination of how environmental contexts shape the manner in which the demographic makeup of a bureaucracy is linked to distributional bureaucratic outcomes. scholars in the field of social psychology, however, have suggested that community-level variation in the pervasiveness of biases against particular social groups helps to explain inequitable outcomes in such diverse settings as education, policing, and health care. incorporating social psychology research into representative bureaucracy theory, this article examines how community racial biases shape the association between the demographic makeup of an organization�s personnel and its bureaucratic outcomes. using county-level implicit and explicit bias measures that are estimated by multilevel regression and poststratification (mrp) based on a dataset containing more than 1.2 million respondents, we find that more inequitable educational outcomes occur for black students in counties where white residents hold stronger anti-black biases. our findings also suggest that while black teachers are associated with more favorable outcomes for black students in the zero-sum context of assignment to gifted classes, the association of outcomes with passive representation is more limited in counties with strong racial biases. by accounting for the racial biases exhibited in the communities where both clients and bureaucrats are socially and culturally embedded, this article extends our understanding of how contextual factors shape the nature of bureaucratic representation.
10. title: scarcity and the mindsets of social welfare recipients: evidence from a field experiment
authors: jonas krogh madsen, martin baekgaard, jon kvist
abstract: financial scarcity is a fundamental condition for recipients of social welfare. we draw on scarcity theory to suggest that the condition of scarce resources may have a range of important psychological consequences for how welfare recipients� cope with their problems, navigate citizen�state interactions, for their perceived ability to deal with their problems, and for their psychological well-being. in a field experiment using danish unemployed social assistance recipients (n = 2,637), we test the psychological consequences of scarcity by randomly assigning recipients to be surveyed either shortly before payment of their social assistance benefits, shortly after, or mid-month. we find no impact of the scarcity manipulation and thus our main findings run counter to the idea that short-term changes in scarce financial conditions influence the mindsets of social welfare recipients. however, a series of exploratory cross-sectional regressions show that subjective scarcity, that is �the feeling of having too little�, is associated with an increased focus on solving problems, but negatively associated with psychological well-being, sense of mastery, and job search self-efficacy. we conclude that these correlates may reflect more long-term consequences of scarcity but that more and stronger causal evidence is needed given the cross-sectional nature of these data.
11. title: signaling resilience: a computational assessment of narratives in local government budgets
authors: robert a greer, tima t moldogaziev, ryan p scott, tyler a scott
abstract: local governments consider a wide range of policies to increase resilience in the face of myriad risks and employ a variety of tactics to communicate about these policies to external actors. an important platform to signal resilience as a policy priority is through the budget process wherein local communities decide �who gets what, when, and how.� using computational text mining techniques, we assess how county governments in california signal efforts toward resilience in their budgets during the 2012�2017 fiscal years, as well as whether and how those signals are received by the capital market. comparable budget documents are available for 38 counties across the state for a total of 161 county-year observations. to test the relationship between local government resilience signals and capital market outcomes, we focus on county underlying credit ratings issued by counties. empirical results show that county underlying credit ratings are insensitive to resilience signals in local government budgets. by examining the efficacy of resilience signals and their effects on the capital market, we offer evidence on the link between policy signaling and financial outcomes at the local government level.
12. title: corporatization, administrative intensity, and the performance of public sector organizations
authors: gianluca veronesi, ian kirkpatrick, ali altanlar, fabrizia sarto
abstract: the process of corporatization in public services has led to the emergence of new, more autonomous organizational forms. however, while these reforms have been centrally about the development of management capabilities in public sector organizations, we know surprisingly little about what this process involves. to address this concern, we draw on the literature on administrative intensity (ai) to frame hypotheses about the likely relationship between corporatization and investments in management and administration, and the consequences of these investments for performance. as an empirical case, we then focus on the effects of foundation trust status on ai and efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness in the acute care hospital sector in the english nhs. based on a database of nine years (2008/09�2016/17) and dynamic panel data regressions, the results show that corporatization leads to a leaner administration and improved organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness. in addition, the analysis reveals that lower levels of ai positively mediate the relationship between corporatization and performance, although only in relation to the efficiency dimension. these findings highlight the crucial, but previously misunderstood, importance of lean administration as part of the corporatization reform package, with implications for theory, research, and policy.
13. title: network effectiveness in context
authors: michelle shumate, shaun m dougherty, joshua-paul miles, anne-marie boyer, rong wang, zachary m gibson, katherine r cooper
abstract: increasingly, scholars and practitioners are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of interorganizational networks. we use a configuration approach to study network effectiveness. this research is a mixed-method study of 26 education networks in the united states. we measure network effectiveness by comparing 4th-grade literacy, 8th-grade literacy, and high-school graduation rates. we compare these scores with all school districts in the state using interrupted time series or parametric difference-in-differences approaches. then, drawing from qualitative data from interviews and archives, we investigate the network governance, environmental characteristics, and theories of change associated with greater student achievement. we find three configurations associated with network effectiveness using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. one configuration combines decentralized governance with a project theory of change in the context of resource munificence. a second configuration associated with network effectiveness is to combine learning and systems alignment theories of change with smaller network size and resource munificence. the final configuration combines decentralized governance, a learning theory of change, less resource munificence, and larger network size and does not use a systems alignment theory of change. the results support the configurational approach, which suggests multiple configurations of factors in combination may result in network effectiveness.
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