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volume 52, issue 10, december 2023
1. title: mobile internet, skills and structural transformation in rwanda
authors: bernardo caldarola, marco grazzi, martina occelli, marco sanfilippo
abstract: this paper examines the relationship between mobile internet, employment and structural transformation in rwanda. thanks to its ability to enable access to a wide range of ict technologies, internet coverage has the potential to affect the dynamics and the composition of employment significantly. to demonstrate this, we have combined gsma network coverage maps with individual-level information from national population censuses and labour force surveys, creating a district-level dataset of rwanda that covers the 2002 to 2019 period. our results show that an increase in mobile internet coverage affects the labour market in two ways. first, by increasing employment opportunities. second, by contributing to changes in the composition of the labour market. education, migration and shifts in demand are all instrumental in explaining our findings.
2. title: weeding out or picking winners in open innovation? factors driving multi-stage crowd selection on lego ideas
authors: linus dahlander, michela beretta, arne thomas, shahab kazemi, ... lars frederiksen
abstract: using unique data from the lego ideas platform and a novel approach of algorithm-based abduction, we combine multiple methods to provide new insights into crowd selection. through qualitative content-coding, interviews, and prior literature, we derive an initial set of variables. we then use machine learning for feature selection and to identify the most important factors for crowd selection. the findings are used to build theory on crowd selection, which we test on a hold-out sample. our key finding is that ideator and idea characteristics suggested by prior research can predict crowd selection only at early stages. more specifically, crowds rely on ideator status, prior success, and a carefully crafted idea presentation with many images to weed out bad ideas in early stages. however, these characteristics have little bearing in predicting winners at later stages. we explain this with signaling theory, where these ideator and idea characteristics represent strong, costly signals for idea quality and value only in early stages but fade as new signals (such as social signals of popularity and gaining fact traction) emerge. our study provides two main contributions to research on crowd selection and idea evaluation. first, our approach enables us to prune explanations for crowd selection and guide attention to the factors which matter most. second, we extend prior work by considering multi-stage crowd selection and highlighting its dynamic nature.
3. title: the effects of institutional investors and their contestability on firm innovation: evidence from chinese listed firms
authors: dan zhang, xiaofei pan, shiguang ma
abstract: we investigate the effects of institutional investors and their contestability with controlling shareholders on firm innovation. using a large sample of chinese listed firms from 2003 to 2017, we find that when the ownership of domestic mutual funds is comparatively larger, their contestability with controlling shareholders is strengthened, which enhances business innovation. however, qualified foreign institutional investors do not have such significant contestability effects on firm innovation. these results are robust after correction for potential endogeneity issues. furthermore, the effects of domestic mutual funds' contestability are weaker for short-term mutual funds and quasi-indexers, and for firms where the controlling ownership is higher. the effects of domestic mutual fund contestability are stronger in firms with less analyst coverage. overall, our findings suggest that the influence of institutional investors is subject to their identities as well as their contestability with controlling shareholders.
4. title: the kaldor�verdoorn law at the age of robots and ai
authors: andrea borsato, andr� lorentz
abstract: this paper contributes to the literature around the kaldor�verdoorn law and analyses the impact of robotisation on the channels through which the law shapes labour-productivity growth. we start with a simple evolutionary reinterpretation of the law that combines kaldorian and neo-schumpeterian arguments. we then apply a gmm estimator to a panel of 17 industries in 25 oecd capitalist economies for the period 1990�2018. after elaborating on the general evidence of the evolutionary interpretation of the law, the estimates suggest a positive influence from robotisation: a higher robot density strengthens both the channel that ties labour productivity dynamics with mechanisation, and the one connected with the general advancement of science and technology which joins productivity to aggregate demand. this overall result is robust to several specifications of the underlying econometric model. moreover, we find some evidence of technological unemployment out of the macroeconomic factor. results agree with the empirical literature that suggests different impacts from robotisation on the basis of the level of economic activity considered.
5. title: the role of gender and coauthors in academic publication behavior
authors: w. benedikt schmal, justus haucap, leon knoke
abstract: this paper contributes to the literature on differences in publication behavior of male and female scientists by examining two natural experiments in germany that exogenously varied the attractiveness of journals. as a result of transformative open access publication agreements, journals published by springer nature and wiley became more attractive as outlets for authors in germany, while elsevier journals lost some of their attractiveness within germany due to substantial cancellations by university libraries. studying 243,375 published articles in economics between 2015 and 2022, our findings suggests that men tend to seek reputation, while women favor visibility through open access, at least at the margin. while authorship in teams can dilute these behavioral patterns, female economists publish more single-authored papers. overall female researchers appear to contribute more to the public good of open science, while their male colleagues focus on private reputation. these findings may offer an additional explanatory channel for the academic gender gap.
6. title: atypical combinations of technologies in regional co-inventor networks
authors: milad abbasiharofteh, dieter f. kogler, bal�zs lengyel
abstract: novel combinations of technologies are usually the result of collaborative work that builds on existing knowledge. albeit inventors and their respective communities tend to be specialized, inventor collaborations across differently specialized peers have the potential to generate co-inventor networks that provide access to a diverse set of knowledge and facilitate the production of radical novelty. previous research has demonstrated that short access in large co-inventor networks enables innovative outcomes in regional economies. however, how connections in the network across different technological knowledge domains matter and what impact they might generate is still unknown. the present investigation focuses on �atypical� combinations of technologies as indicated in patent documents. in particular, the role of technological specializations linked in co-inventor networks that result in radical innovation in european regions is analyzed. our results confirm that the share of atypical patents is growing in regions where bridging ties establish short access to and across cohesive co-inventor sub-networks. furthermore, the evidence suggests that the strong specialization of co-inventor communities in regions fosters atypical combinations because these communities manage to increase the scale and scope of novel combinations. thus, bridges between communities that are specialized in different technologies favor atypical innovation outcomes. the work shows that not diversity per se, but links across variously specialized inventor communities can foster radical innovation.
7. title: money matters: the role of money as a regional and corporate financial resource for circular economy transition at firm-level
authors: rahel meili, tobias stucki
abstract: this study addresses the role of different financial resources in driving circular economy activities at the firm level, which are a particular form of innovation. while the impact of financial resources on innovation activities has been widely researched, their relationship with the circular economy has not been adequately studied. previous studies have focused primarily on corporate financial resources and investments by banks and investors. by using unique survey data from swiss firms, we break new ground by examining the importance of regional financial resources, including regional household income and public procurement volumes. in doing so, we make a valuable contribution to the fields of (eco-)innovation and economic geography. we also examine the timing of financial resource deployment, looking at both early adopters and pioneers of the circular economy. our results, derived from a comprehensive multivariate regression analysis that includes a representative sample of over 1000 observations, confirm that regional household income and public procurement volumes play a central role in the successful implementation of the circular economy � that is, money matters. additionally, our research reveals distinct and independent impacts of corporate and regional financial resources, advocating for their combined influence. importantly, we find that financial resources are crucial for both beginners and leaders in the circular economy, emphasizing the profound policy implications and central role in driving and supporting the circular economy.
8. title: beyond plastic � consumers prefer food packaging derived from genetically modified plants
authors: ursula weisenfeld, antoniya hauerwaas, ossama elshiewy, pradipta halder, ... inge broer
abstract: the technology of genetically modified organisms (gmo) and especially genetically modified plants (gmp) applied in agriculture is a key element in a bioeconomy-based sustainability transition. however, consumers in many european countries allegedly disapprove of �green biotechnology�. drawing on innovation adoption and risk perception literature, we explore the acceptance of gmp-based food packaging. fossil-fuel-based production and plastic waste have become a major concern in many societies, and gmp-based technologies might offer solutions. taking fully degradable material based on gmp as an example to replace conventional plastic in many applications, we present new insights into the gmp debate using a choice-based conjoint analysis in four european countries. our results show that gmp-based packaging material is preferred to conventional plastic packaging in all countries. we present implications for research policies.
9. title: are public health policies associated with corporate innovation? evidence from u.s. nonsmoking laws
authors: adam j. olson, christopher g. yust, brant e. christensen
abstract: we use a natural experiment resulting from the staggered adoption of local workplace nonsmoking laws over the past fifty years to examine whether these public health policies also are associated with corporate innovation. we find a positive association between innovation and nonsmoking laws enacted near companies' headquarters locations, particularly in earlier years when smoking rates were highest. we use multiple difference-in-differences specifications, matched samples, companies headquartered in contiguous counties across state lines, and falsification tests to establish the robustness of the observed association and reduce the likelihood of alternative explanations. we then use an inductive approach to explore multiple potential mechanisms behind this correlation. we find evidence suggestive of the following mechanisms: improved health; improvements to employee creativity, productivity, and absenteeism; and increases in the local employee pool. other mechanisms likely exist, but the collective evidence suggests that policy-based efforts to improve health are associated with a positive externality�increased corporate innovation.
10. title: the impacts of lockdown on open source software contributions during the covid-19 pandemic
authors: jin hu, daning hu, xuan yang, michael chau
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic instigated widespread lockdowns, compelling millions to transition to work-from-home (wfh) arrangements and rely heavily on computer-mediated communications (cmc) for collaboration. this study examines the impacts of lockdown on innovation-driven work productivity, focusing on contributions to open source software (oss) projects on github, the world's largest oss platform. by leveraging two lockdowns in china as natural experiments, we discover that developers in the 2021 xi'an lockdown increased oss contributions by 9.0 %, while those in the 2020 wuhan lockdown reduced their contributions by 10.5 %. a subsequent survey study elucidates this divergence, uncovering an adaptation effect wherein xi'an developers became more accustomed to the new norm of wfh over time, capitalizing on the flexibility and opportunities of remote work. moreover, our findings across both lockdowns reveal that the lack of face-to-face (f2f) interactions significantly impeded oss contributions, whereas the increased available time at home positively influenced them. this finding is especially noteworthy as it challenges the assumption that cmc can effortlessly substitute for f2f interactions without negatively affecting productivity. we further examine the impacts of stay-at-home orders in the united states (us) on oss contributions and find no significant effects. collectively, our research offers valuable insights into the multifaceted impacts of lockdown on productivity, shedding light on how individuals adapt to remote work norms during protracted disruptions like a pandemic. these insights provide various stakeholders, including individuals, organizations, and policymakers, with vital knowledge to prepare for future disruptions, foster sustainable resilience, and adeptly navigate the evolving landscape of remote work in a post-pandemic world.
11. title: human capital and trademarks: evidence from higher education expansion in china
authors: li shu, wei wang
abstract: this paper investigates how human capital affects trademark applications at the firm level. we adopt a difference-in-differences strategy to examine the impact of human capital on trademark applications, taking advantage of a unique natural experiment in china that expanded higher education enrollment substantially in 1999. we find firms in industries with higher human capital intensities filed for more trademarks after 2003 than they did in prior years. we then investigate the mechanism through which human capital enhancement causes more trademark applications. we find that firms in industries with higher human capital intensities tend to invest more in r&d and worker training programs. we next find that firms that spend more on r&d and training programs tend to develop more new products. we also find firms that have more new products file for more trademark applications. the main policy implication of our empirical results is that encouraging human capital enhancement can generate more innovative products and trademarks.
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