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��ࡱ�>�� jl����i��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�$7bjbj�n�n2n��a��a/ �������������������8�d)��kleeeee���akckckckckckck$.m��ofgk������gk��eeh|k�����e�eak��ak���e����������������-k�k0�k�*p�*p��|0*p�)h��������gkgk�����k������������������������������������������������������������������������*p���������q _: policy studies journal volume 50, issue 3, august 2022 1. title: the pathways of policy feedback: how health reform influences political efficacy and participation authors: lawrence r. jacobs, suzanne mettler, ling zhu abstract: how do policy feedback effects occur? a growing number of rigorous empirical studies provide evidence that new policies can, indeed, stimulate new politics, such as increased political participation among citizens, but greater understanding is needed of the underlying mechanisms and long-term policy feedback effects. this paper puts forth a dynamic theory of the mechanisms through which policy experiences may influence political participation, focusing particularly on political efficacy. we use five waves of panel data collected over 8 years to investigate the impact of the affordable care act (aca), controlling for pre-existing ideology and socio-economic and demographic factors. we analyze the impact of resource and interpretive effects and disentangle direct and indirect effects. we find that the aca has elevated americans� political efficacy and political participation with large and enduring effects, and we show the pathways through which this has occurred. 2. title: post-loss power building: the feedback effects of policy loss on group identity and collective action authors: matthew j. lacombe abstract: studies of policy feedback have produced an increasingly nuanced understanding of when, why, and how public policies generate�or fail to generate�political effects that entrench the policies themselves and provide benefits to their proponents. left open, however, is the question of whether policies can paradoxically generate political benefits for those who opposed them. this paper extends the study of policy feedback by exploring the mechanisms through and conditions under which organized groups can counterintuitively use policy losses to build power moving forward. it then demonstrates how post-loss power building operates by exploring the national rifle association�s historical use of gun policy losses to reinforce a shared identity among its supporters, which it later uses to spur collective action on behalf of gun rights. the analysis shows how policy outcomes can interact with the identity-building efforts of organized groups in ways that enable those groups to use losses to their long-term advantage. 3. title: systemic dynamics of policy change: overcoming some blind spots of punctuated equilibrium theory authors: xavier fern�ndez-i-mar�n, steffen hurka, christoph knill, yves steinebach abstract: in this article, we analyze dynamics of policy change from the perspective of punctuated equilibrium theory (pet). in particular, we investigate how economic crises impact on patterns of policy change in policy areas that vary in terms of their proximity to economic matters: social, environmental, and morality policy. we make two contributions. first, we show that economic crises lead to more incrementalist patterns of policy change in crisis-remote policy subsystems and make policy punctuations in these areas less likely. however, if such punctuations do occur, they tend to be particularly extreme. second, we argue that the empirical implications of pet are best tested by separately analyzing variance as an indicator for incrementalism and degrees of freedom as an indicator for punctuations. the empirical analysis builds on two data sets capturing policy output changes in 13 european countries over a period of 34 years (1980�2013). 4. title: linking policy design, change, and outputs: policy responsiveness in american state electricity policy authors: chris koski, saba siddiki abstract: this article examines whether changes in policy design lead to incremental or punctuated changes in policy outputs. leveraging a synthesis of policy design and punctuated equilibrium literatures, we analyze whether changes in policy targets, policy instruments, and policy incentives have differing effects on the distributions of changes in policy outputs. our empirical examination is a study of net metering policy in the united states over the years 2007�2016. a key finding is that there is a relationship between policy designs that change more frequently and less punctuated distributions of outputs; namely, that changes to certain elements of policies are related to a greater frequency of gradual changes in policy outputs than changes to others. 5. title: punctuated equilibrium in multilevel contexts: how federal and state level forces feedback into shaping the local policy agenda in mexico authors: oliver meza abstract: the article uses the punctuated equilibrium theory to explain changes in the local policy agenda of municipal governments. it focuses on feedback (negative and positive) as a key concept that associates intergovernmental institutions in a federalist system of governance and the budgetary punctuations and change in the municipal policy agenda. i analyze a 17-year period of decentralization process along a generalized structural equation multinomial model. findings show that decentralized resources, from state and federal governments, affect the municipal's local policy agenda. such effects are conditional to an overall institutional setting, thus, providing additional insights into the contingency of institutional friction shaping feedback and policy change. 6. title: budgetary changes and organizational performance: evidence from state transportation agencies authors: can chen, carla m. flink abstract: existing punctuated equilibrium theory (pet) literature identifies the causes of policy punctuations. however, there are a lack of theoretical and empirical studies on the effects of policy punctuations on organizational performance. this study extends pet from policy formulation to policy outcomes and explores how public agencies transfer budgetary inputs to organizational performance outcomes in the policy context of american state highway transportation infrastructure. based on a longitudinal research design, the research employs a panel two-way fixed effects regression model to analyze the performance consequences of budgetary changes for 50 states during an almost 20-year period (1995�2013). the key findings indicate that state expenditure (highway maintenance) changes experience much more friction and volatility over time than performance (acceptable roads) changes. in addition, state highway transportation agencies can mitigate the impact of large budgetary cuts on organizational performance, but do not seem to capitalize on large budgetary gains to improve performance. 7. title: using the multiple streams framework to connect policy adoption to implementation authors: luke fowler abstract: the author furthers research on the multiple streams framework (msf) by testing hypotheses related to the conditional nature of politics, policy, and problems streams in affecting policy outputs from both policymaking and policy implementation. the author articulates a theoretical model of the policy process where policymaking and policy implementation are separate, but interdependent processes, and generates three hypotheses related to policymaking, policy implementation, and the interdependence of those processes. then, the author tests hypotheses with state-level implementation of federal environmental policy over a 20 year period. using seemingly unrelated regression (sur), the author makes joint estimations of policymaking and policy implementation as separate, correlated processes. findings indicate how politics affects policymaking and policy implementation is conditional on existing policies and problems, and that these two processes are not independent from each other. conclusions connect this msf to the broader literature and how it may address current criticisms. 8. title: policy diffusion through multiple streams: the (non-)adoption of energy conservation building code in india authors: nihit goyal abstract: although the diffusion of policy innovations can promote sustainability, how this process can be accelerated remains unclear. i address this gap by conceptualizing policy transfer and policy diffusion using the multiple streams framework (msf) and developing hypotheses to connect them. i apply this theorization to explain the limited spread of the energy conservation building code (ecbc) in india by combining a process trace of policy adoption in the embedded case of andhra pradesh with a dyadic event history analysis of state-level diffusion during 2012-18. the data for this study are collated from official statistics, elite interviews, news reports, policy documents, and secondary literature. the qualitative analysis shows that policy transfer to andhra pradesh occurred when external influence and prior adoption elsewhere were used by a policy entrepreneur to exploit a window of opportunity and couple problem, policy, and politics in the state; the dyadic analysis demonstrates that policy diffusion was influenced by the interaction among the structural characteristics of the problem, policy, and politics streams. i conclude with the implications for research on policy diffusion and the msf as well as the relevance of the findings for promoting policy innovation for a sustainable energy transition. 9. title: how to explain major policy change towards sustainability? bringing together the multiple streams framework and the multilevel perspective on socio-technical transitions to explore the german �energiewende� authors: pim derwort, nicolas jager, jens newig abstract: most efforts at explaining major policy transformation apply a single lens to study specific cases. recent contributions have called for a more plural use of theories to facilitate the production of valuable new perspectives and research agendas. the german energy transition is a good example of such a transformative change. this article takes up the call for cross-fertilization of theories, using two complementary lenses to explain the german energy transition: (i) applying the multiple streams framework (msf) demonstrates how political factors and public opinion have opened a �policy window� for reform from a political dimension. (ii) the multilevel perspective on sustainability transitions (mlp) sheds more light on the importance technological innovation for transformation processes. exemplified through the german energy transition, we highlight limitations of both lenses, as well as the value of using multiple lenses to analyze specific cases of major policy change. the msf highlights the role of agency and power relations. the mlp demonstrates how niche-technologies uproot the incumbent regime. employing both lenses together offers insights as to how major policy change goes beyond single instances of decision-making but is the product of a larger trajectory of path-dependence that emerges from the interplay of socio-technical and political dynamics. 10. title: does data drive policymaking? a multiple streams perspective on the relationship between indicators and agenda setting authors: rob a. deleo, alex duarte abstract: the multiple streams framework (msf) hypothesizes changes in problem indicators or data documenting the scale and scope a problem help draw policymaker attention to previously ignored issues. we test this hypothesis by systematically analyzing agenda setting and agenda denial in the united states congress in response to indicators of the opioid crisis, namely opioid overdose deaths. we confirm that changes in indicators can, in some cases, help facilitate agenda setting and policy change. however, we also show indicator politicization, which refers to the extent to which changes in a particular indicator threaten the economic and political interests of groups operating in the political stream, is inversely related to issue attention. we, therefore, suggest refining existing msf hypotheses to allow for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between indicators and agenda setting.      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