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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��qbjbj�n�n2��a��a�h ��""��8��}$��ol��n�n�n�n�n�n�n$�p��s<o-��o��4@o{{{��n{��n{{{��ॕ��{�nvo0�o{�s�:�s{{�/�s�uk��{��oo��o��s��"qs: world development volume 180, issue 8, august 2024 1. title: the effects of exposure to violence on social network composition and formation authors: daniel robert thomas abstract: how does exposure to violence affect civilian social networks during wartime? social networks play critical roles in civil wars by enabling civilians to endure the destruction of conflict. however, little is known about how these networks change in response to violence. i employ original survey data from camps for the internally displaced in kachin state, myanmar, an area of active civil conflict, to determine how exposure to violence affects the social networks of internally displaced people (idps). i find that those exposed to violence have fewer initial, new, and close ties. however, those exposed to violence do not form ties with other exposed idps at a higher rate than with non-exposed idps. 2. title: corruption can cause healthcare deprivation: evidence from 29 sub-saharan african countries authors: chei bukari, suman seth, gaston yalonetkzy abstract: the who estimates that nearly half of the world�s population lacks access to essential healthcare, and that the proportion of the population with catastrophic out-of-pocket health spending (10% or more of the household budget) is on the rise. meanwhile, the united nations� general assembly has recently identified corruption as a vital factor undermining efforts to accomplish universal health coverage. we examine how corruption may lead to healthcare deprivation in the context of 29 sub-saharan african countries, employing the fifth, sixth and seventh waves of the afrobarometer survey spanning 2011�2018. applying an instrumental variable framework, we find that the experience of corruption in the form of bribe payments as well as the frequency of bribe payments within the healthcare sector increases the likelihood of healthcare deprivation. moreover, corruption experienced in other sectors, such as education, the police, public utilities and identification authorities, have spill-over effects affecting healthcare deprivation adversely. further analysis reveals that the experience of corruption in multiple sectors simultaneously worsens healthcare deprivation. our findings suggest that mitigating corruption in the healthcare sector alone may not be sufficient to end the adverse effect of corruption on effective healthcare access in ssa countries. finally, through mediation analysis, we show that loss of income and loss of trust are two channels through which corruption influences healthcare deprivation. 3. title: leaving the hearth you know: internal migration and energy poverty authors: johanna choumert-nkolo, leonard le roux abstract: we document the relationship between rural�urban migration and energy poverty in south africa using a nationally representative panel dataset. employing a dynamic difference-in-differences approach, we track changes in energy poverty for migrants and non-migrants over a ten-year period from 2008 to 2017. our findings show that migrants to urban areas experience significant reductions in energy poverty, particularly in the use of traditional cooking fuels. even when approximately 20% of new urban arrivals initially live in informal shack dwellings, where energy access gains are minimal, migration proves beneficial in the long run. our study also explores energy poverty outcomes for both sending and receiving households, gender differences among migrants, and other amenities. 4. title: determinants of access to climate finance: nuanced insights for sids and other vulnerable economies authors: david tennant, stuart davies, sandria tennant abstract: empirical studies of the determinants of access to climate finance have coalesced around a broad set of independent variables, including recipient need, merit and adaptive capacity, and donor interest. this paper provides comprehensive and nuanced insights into the allocation of the varied sources of climate finance by providing answers to the following questions: (i) do the eligibility criteria used by donors to determine which countries receive climate finance differ from the criteria used to determine the amount of finance allocated? (ii) do the eligibility criteria and determinants of amounts allocated for mitigation aid differ from those for adaptation aid? (iii) do different kinds of donors determine eligibility for financing and amount of finance allocated in different ways? (iv) do sids receive more (or less) climate finance than is justified by their relative vulnerability and adaptive capacity? the results provide a better understanding of the challenges faced by sids in accessing climate financing, highlight an underemphasized bifurcation within this group of countries, and underscore the need for further exploration of suitable types of support and modalities of delivery. 5. title: mobile phones and mozambique farmers: less asymmetric information and more trader competition? authors: wouter zant abstract: we measure how the introduction of mobile phones in mozambique affected unit values of household maize sales, maize producer prices and traders� margins. our estimations are based on both representative household surveys for the years 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2008, and weekly producer and market prices of white maize grain from july 1997 to december 2009 for 15 major producer markets. we find household sales unit values and producer price decreases, and traders� margin increases between 14% and 22%, indicating benefits for traders. next, we investigate heterogeneity of impacts in order to explore underlying mechanisms: impacts on margins decrease with population density and network density, and increase with gains from long-distance trade. impacts on household selling prices are not significantly correlated with educational attainment, but the fall in prices is less with larger household wealth. impacts on household selling prices and producer prices also become less negative over time, suggesting delayed adoption by farmers. our results are robust to various threats. 6. title: resilience counter-currents: water infrastructures, informality, and inequities in cape town, south africa authors: l. rodina, l. harris, g. ziervogel, j. wilson abstract: in 2017 and 2018, cape town faced historically unprecedented water shortages. with the imminent possibility of running out of water, the city�s leadership prioritized reducing water demand and expanding new water sources, while also reinvigorating the goal of seeking to build system-level water resilience for the longer term. beyond the context of cape town, the crisis captured global attention, highlighting ongoing and future water security challenges, the realities of climate change, and the critical need to foster transitions towards more resilient water futures. given that much of the discourse and implementation around water resilience remains squarely focused on the biophysical and engineering aspects of water supply and distribution systems, despite repeated calls for the need for greater attention to issues of equity and power, there remains little understanding of the ways that persistent inequities might serve or inhibit possibilities for urban socio-hydrological (or water) resilience. this paper draws on examples from cape town to argue that patterns and legacies of inequality, marginalization, and exclusion erode and inhibit possibilities for water resilience. providing needed empirical evidence on the nature of these linkages, we theorize that deeply rooted inequities and related dynamics act as �counter-currents��trends that undermine and present persistent challenges to efforts to enhance socio-hydrological resilience. documenting examples of disconnections between the state and civil society as well as disconnected socio-ecological systems, we argue that these persistent inequities mean that efforts to achieve socio-hydrological resilience are likely to remain elusive. it is only by foregrounding these processes that it will be possible to make cities more resilient in the face of ongoing and future water-related risks, uncertainties, and climatic and environmental change. 7. title: computerization, offshoring and trade: the effect on developing countries authors: camila hidalgo, alejandro micco abstract: (antr�s, 2020) argues that whereas in the 1990s it was profitable to fragment production processes, now computerization allows the automation of human tasks, reduces labor costs, and substitutes the offshoring of certain activities. we analyze imports from six developed countries sourced from developing countries to study this hypothesis. we find a decline in imports of products from sectors characterized by low wages and routine tasks, therefore at risk of automation. moreover, imports rose within sectors known for having a significant potential for offshoring until 2001, followed by a subsequent decline. labor-replacing tasks technologies are changing the comparative advantages of developing economies. 8. title: the effects of mining on local poverty in developing countries: evidence from mali authors: massa coulibaly, jeremy foltz, dominic parker, osaretin olurotimi, nouhoum traor� abstract: recent within-country studies of the �resource curse� call into question whether mining booms benefit local populations living near mineral endowments in developing countries. in particular, mining booms have been associated with increased violence, localized inflation, increased poverty, and increased inequality. relying on volatile gold prices that have caused mining booms in west african countries (ghana, burkina faso, and mali) since the mid-2000s, we test whether these booms have increased or decreased poverty and expenditure among populations that live near the mines. based on detailed household panel data from mali, our results generally show positive effects of gold price booms on households. household expenditure increased, and poverty decreased during years of high gold prices for formal and artisanal mining areas, with artisanal mining having a stronger beneficial effect. the results suggest the booms have been more of an economic blessing than a curse in mali. 9. title: beyond diversity: the role of state capacity in fostering social cohesion in brazil authors: alexander kustov, giuliana pardelli abstract: a long-standing scholarship argues that greater ethnic diversity harms social cohesion. however, recent research also suggests that these outcomes are primarily influenced by the strength of state institutions. we evaluate these arguments using new geocoded historical data from brazilian municipalities. our initial analysis confirms that local racial diversity is negatively associated with social cohesion indicators such as trust, civic participation, belonging, turnout, and crime. nonetheless, further analysis indicates that this relationship cannot be directly attributed to the effects of diversity, but rather hinges on the concentration of historically (dis)advantaged racial groups within particular areas. finally, we demonstrate that both the spatial distribution of these groups and current levels of social cohesion are linked to past state capacity across municipalities. these results suggest that local social cohesion is more strongly associated with the historical development of state institutions across the national territory than with their contemporary levels of racial diversity. 10. title: estimating the relationship between ethnic inequality, conflict and voter turnout in africa using geocoded data authors: klaus ackermann, sefa awaworyi churchill, russell smyth abstract: to what extent is voter turnout influenced by ethnic inequality? we combine ethnolinguistic maps on sub-national locations of ethnic groups with night-time light satellite images to construct a dataset of ethnic inequality across sub-national locations in 24 african countries. using election data from the constituency-level elections archive, we show that ethnic inequality is negatively associated with voter turnout. this relationship holds even after we control for endogeneity and geographic characteristics. we also construct a dataset of election conflict across the sub-national areas. we find that an increase in ethnic inequality is associated with an increase in conflict, which reduces voter turnout. 11. title: how much a dollar cost: currency hierarchy as a driver of ecologically unequal exchange authors: christopher olk abstract: asymmetric transfers of biophysical resources from the global south to the north are a key obstacle to sustainable development. the underlying causal drivers of this �ecologically unequal exchange� are not well understood. this paper accounts for the causal role of hierarchy between currencies as one driver of ecologically unequal exchange. drawing on dependency theory, i propose testable hypotheses that explain why countries that issue internationally acceptable currencies create net inflows of embodied labour, land, energy, raw materials, and carbon from countries whose currencies lack international acceptability: countries with lower-ranking currencies face higher interest rates, which constrain their policy space, drive income outflows, and necessitate resource exports. such countries also tend to have lower price levels (measured as the ratio between exchange rates and purchasing power parity rates) because their currencies are not demanded internationally, resulting in reduced dollar income per exported resource. to test these hypotheses, i use a novel categorical operationalization of currency hierarchy. i compare different observable correlations to the theoretical correlations implied by the proposed hypotheses, and test multiple regression models against cross-country data. overall, the results are consistent with the hypotheses. considering alternative explanations, the conclusion seems justified that currency hierarchy is a significant driver of ecologically unequal exchange, and that this mechanism operates specifically through cross-country divergences in interest rates and exchange rates. in short, the monetary cost of a dollar impacts the biophysical cost of a dollar. 12. title: war and food insecurity in ukraine authors: ida rudolfsen, henrikas bartusevi ius, florian van leeuwen, gudrun �stby abstract: it is widely held that armed conflict is a central catalyst for food insecurity. however, existing studies tend to use aggregate measures of both conflict and food insecurity to analyze the long-term consequences of violence. we know far less about the immediate impacts of armed conflict on individual-level food insecurity. to address this gap, we collected two waves of probability surveys in ukraine (ns = 1081 and 811) at the start of the 2022 russian invasion. we asked, specifically, whether ukrainians� exposure to military attacks was associated with the extent to which they reported food insecurity. the data indicate that one in three ukrainians were food insecure at the time of the surveys. in turn, our analyses suggest that both direct attacks on the individual respondents, as well as indirect attacks (on their family members, acquaintances, and the municipalities in which they resided) relate to reported food insecurity. notably, we found that the relationship between military attacks and food insecurity was only moderated by gender, but not age, education, or socioeconomic status. as the war in ukraine continues, it is important to understand and document its consequences on civilians. moreover, our findings likely have implications for policies tailoring wartime relief efforts � not only in ukraine, but also in other countries experiencing large-scale military invasion. 13. title: short and medium-run effects of the indian ocean tsunami on health costs in indonesia authors: daim syukriyah, rozana himaz abstract: this paper looks at the direct and indirect health-related monetary costs that households incurred in the short and medium terms because of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami. the paper uses three rounds of a longitudinal household survey of aceh and north sumatra where data were collected 5�17, 18�30, and 31�40 months after the event. the results show that direct costs, measured by out-of-pocket health expenses, increased significantly by a third (35%) compared to pre-tsunami spending, for households living in heavily damaged areas. this effect, however, was seen only in the short-term, 5�17 months after the tsunami struck, and did not persist to the later years. the tsunami had significant effects on mental wellbeing as measured using the post-traumatic stress reaction score (ptsr). among men, these changes to mental wellbeing were associated with a 4% fall in wage earnings two years after the tsunami. physical health also worsened according to self-reported measures, and this was associated with a 34% fall in men�s earnings three years after the tsunami. thus, although the direct costs of the tsunami in terms of increasing household out-of-pocket health spending were seen only in the short term, the indirect costs via effects on mental and physical health were apparent two to three years after the event. 14. title: optimizing sports development: identifying and prioritizing key indicators for professional and competitive sports authors: fengyingna, xutingyu, s. mohammad sajadi, sh. baghaie, r. rezaei abstract: this study aimed to analyze the impact of professional and competitive sports on overall sports development, with a specific focus on identifying and prioritizing key indicators influencing sports development in these domains. to achieve this objective, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. during the qualitative phase, experts were interviewed to determine the critical indicators for each component, while the quantitative phase involved surveys of sports managers and professors to collect data on the identified indicators. the findings of the study revealed that talent identification emerged as the foremost priority for competitive sports, underscoring its crucial role in fostering success in this realm. on the other hand, organizational effectiveness was identified as a critical factor for professional sports development. the quantitative results obtained provided empirical evidence that supported and reinforced the qualitative insights derived from the study. in the context of competitive sports, the study identified the development of systematic talent identification and youth nurturing platforms as the most vital requirement. conversely, in the professional sports sector, enhancing organizational capabilities, governance, and commercial strategies were recognized as the top priorities. these results serve to emphasize the necessity for tailored strategies, investments, and policies that are specifically designed to enhance organizational effectiveness in professional sports and maximize talent identification in competitive sports. the evidence-based understanding of sports development priorities gained from this study holds the potential to foster a vibrant sporting culture that encompasses both grassroots participation and elite achievements. 15. title: when facebook is the internet: the role of social media in ethnic conflict authors: tuuli t�htinen abstract: this paper investigates whether social media access is associated with increased probability or intensity of ethnic conflict in myanmar. in this context most people use mobile phones, and particularly the facebook app, to access the internet. to distinguish the effects of social media from those of the broader internet, i exploit geographic variation in mobile phone coverage as a proxy for facebook availability. despite evidence of a hate-campaign utilizing facebook to reach wide audiences, i do not find that social media access is associated with increased probability or intensity of conflict. the only exception to the null result is variation related to the rohingya crisis: in this regional setting suggestive evidence points to facebook availability being associated with slightly higher probability of conflict. 16. title: financial inclusion and roof quality: satellite evidence from chilean slums authors: cinthya silva, gabriel pino abstract: although not all residents of slums are necessarily poor, and conversely, not all low-income individuals live in slums, housing precarity is a distinctive feature of these communities. this paper examines the relationship between financial inclusion and roof quality improvements for individuals living in slum settlements in chile. we use satellite images to measure the quality of dwelling roofs as well as the cajavecina initiative to measure the level of financial inclusion of the families that live there. our results reveal that a higher level of financial inclusion results in an expanded presence of permanent-material roofs within slums. moreover, we provide evidence that financial inclusion encourages self-employment activities among low-income individuals which is evidence of a transmission channel for the effect studied. 17. title: crude credit: the political economy of natural resource booms and sovereign debt management authors: iasmin goes, stephen b. kaplan abstract: oil, gas, and minerals have notoriously adverse effects on institutional quality. but when global liquidity is high, risk-tolerant investors are more willing to lend to all borrowers, even resource-rich countries with low-quality institutions. despite the availability of cheaper credit during commodity booms, we argue that countries do not increase current borrowing to mitigate future revenue shortfalls during commodity busts. instead, they rely on resource windfalls to meet their current financing needs, fearing they would otherwise forfeit national policy discretion to global financial markets. we leverage primary evidence from extensive field research across five latin american countries to show that national economic officials (i.e. finance ministers and central bank governors) are wary of high indebtedness, after past commodity booms ended in cycles of lofty spending, borrowing, and default. for sovereign borrowers, high bond market indebtedness often reduces government discretion over economic policy, whereas windfalls increase it; all else equal, governments will favor the latter. using data on 22 latin american and caribbean countries from 1996 to 2020, we find that governments issue bonds less frequently, in smaller amounts, as their oil and gas production or gdp share from resource rents increases. these findings make an important contribution to our understanding of how commodity cycles affect global capital markets: sovereign borrowers do not fully leverage commodity booms to expand their fiscal space to finance more spending over time. 18. title: understanding the constraints to women�s use of urban public transport in developing countries authors: girija borker abstract: women and men travel differently in low- and middle-income countries. this paper provides an overview of the evidence on key features of women�s travel behavior and the barriers they face in accessing public transport in developing countries, including affordability, frequency, coverage, comfort, and safety. women make more frequent, shorter trips with more stops along the way to combine multiple tasks. in contrast, men follow direct and linear routes. as this paper shows, the cost and frequency of public transport affect women more than men, and given women�s income constraints, create trade-offs between travel and other economic opportunities. this paper also highlights how the current design of public transport does not accommodate the unique needs of women. notably, coverage issues such as a poorly connected network, including last-mile problems, limit women�s use of public transport and increase their reliance on private and informal modes of transport. infrastructure design does not prioritize women�s comfort. women�s perceptions about violence and their actual safety in public spaces affects their physical mobility and economic choices. understanding the evidence on the challenges faced by women is a first step in identifying policies and interventions that could improve women�s mobility. 19. title: lives in exile? perspectives on the resettlements of sri lankan refugees in tamil nadu, india authors: anthony goreau-ponceaud abstract: this article looks at subjectivities and regimes of homing from a position of liminality and questions the placements dynamics displayed by sri lankan tamil refugees in tamil nadu, india. based on long-term and longitudinal fieldwork conducted in keezhputhupattu refugee camp near pondicherry between 2010 and 2023, this study analyses the experience of the refugees, which combines a �know-how� that they have developed due to a life in exile since 1983, which is linked, among other things, to a sometimes well-developed diasporic network; and a restrictive agency that has been granted to them by the indian and tamil nadu authorities, which places them in a regime that is intended to be exceptional. the results of the study are significant and show how families spanning three generations may reproduce their new normalcy and negotiate their lives. 20. title: the impacts of rural development project on resilience to climatic disasters: the case of bangladesh authors: bokyeong park, haggai kennedy ochieng abstract: this study assesses the effects of a comprehensive rural development project on resilience to a climate shock, using the case saemaul zero hunger communities (szhc) project implemented in central bangladesh from 2014 to 2017. the project is suitable to such assessment since the target area was flood-prone and experienced major flooding during the project. moreover, the project took holistic approaches that tackle multiple dimensions of vulnerability simultaneously, rather than addressing them in isolation. this study focuses on resilience capacities underpinning resilience and supposes that they are composed of absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacity. after identifying various indicators to measure each capacity, the study estimates their average treatment effects on the treated using the propensity score matching method. the results show that the szhc project significantly helped the households� recovery from the flood in terms of food security and livelihood, and mostly enhanced the three resilience capacities: increased income and assets, reduced disruption in child education, diversified income sources, and strengthened social capital such as women's community participation. $%'-02346?��ʸʩʸ��wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h�'mh�'m5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h!@�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jajh�'m5�cjojqj^jaj#h�'mh�'m5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�'mh�'m5�cjojqj^jaj345��yz�c��u|��gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4��xyz{}��˽��|�n^|�n^|pch�7h�7ojqj^jhih�l$ojqj^jo(hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�7h�75�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h�'mh�'mojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(h�'mh�'m5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j 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