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��ࡱ�>�� {}����z��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��objbj��2l�}�}g ���������������������8/\���ol��������komomomomomomo$xq��s8�o�������o����4�o���������ko��ko�����������ae���^�wo�o0�o�2t�:2t���/2t�7l ���������o�o1p����o������������������������������������������������������������������������2t���������� �: research policy volume 51, issue 4, may 2022 1. title: becoming an intellectual monopoly by relying on the national innovation system: the state grid corporation of china's experience authors: cecilia rikap abstract: this paper examines the origins of global leaders under intellectual monopoly capitalism. state grid corporation of china (sgcc), the leading firm in artificial intelligence applications for the energy sector, became an intellectual monopoly relying heavily on china's national innovation system �particularly public research organizations and public funding, and innovation and energy policies. sgcc is unique because it did not rely on technology transfer from global leaders, unlike other national champions from developing or emerging countries. we provide evidence that contributes to thinking that sgcc first became a national intellectual monopoly and only afterwards expanded that monopoly globally. we empirically study sgcc's innovation networks. we proxy them using big data techniques to analyze the content, co-authors and co-owners of its publications and patents. results also suggest that sgcc is capturing intellectual rents from its increasingly transnational and technologically diverse innovation networks by leveraging its national innovation system. 2. title: harnessing the science base: results from a national programme using publicly-funded research centres to reshape firms� r&d authors: kevin mulligan, helena lenihan, justin doran, stephen roper abstract: since 2000 and the launch of science foundation ireland, irish policymakers have been involved in a large-scale national science policy programme. starting from a position with little pre-existing research infrastructure beyond its traditional higher education system, ireland allocated significant public resources to rapidly develop an extensive research centres programme. these centres are designed to harness knowledge embedded in the national science base to impact firm-level research and development (r&d). each research centre focuses on basic and applied research (as opposed to development), targeted at prioritised sectors of the economy. using a novel panel dataset (2007�2017), our analysis provides the first evaluation of these research centres. results indicate that research centre collaborations increase firm-level r&d, and, over time, re-orientate collaborating firms' r&d towards more applied research. we also consider how impacts vary depending on the firms� characteristics (size and sector), and research centre characteristics. our findings demonstrate that ireland's policy programme improved firms' r&d profile, and suggest key policy lessons for other economies who might consider adopting a similar strategy. 3. title: political tie hot potato: the contingent effect of china's anti-corruption policy on cash and innovation authors: feifei lu, zhu zhu, lina zhu, hao gao abstract: in this study, we combine the resource-based view (rbv) with institutional theory to examine how a firm's cash holding affects its innovation investments and outcomes and explore the contingent roles of political ties and the national anti-corruption policy. using 18,125 firm-year observations of chinese firms from 2007 to 2016, we reveal a three-way interactive effect of cash holding, political ties, and the anti-corruption policy on innovation. before the policy is implemented, cash holding has the greatest positive effect on r&d investment for politically connected firms, and after the implementation this positive effect for these firms is strongest for r&d outcomes. we propose that the logic of resource utilization efficiency implied by the anti-corruption policy strongly motivates politically connected firms to convert their r&d investment into actual output. the theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 4. title: founder social capital and value appropriation in r&d alliance agreements authors: ramakrishna devarakonda, jeffrey j. reuer, harsha tadikonda abstract: this paper investigates the micro-foundations of value appropriation involving startups and examines the relationship between founder social capital and value obtained by startups in r&d alliance agreements. we build on the bargaining framework for surplus division and propose that founder social capital facilitates a more expansive pool of partnering opportunities and thereby bestows bargaining advantages to a startup, leading it to obtain more value in an r&d alliance deal. more importantly, we develop a novel hypothesis about the complementarity between founder social capital and a startup's technological capabilities to suggest that the bargaining impact of founders� social capital becomes more pronounced when a startup is also endowed with superior technological capabilities. furthermore, we suggest that founder social capital can be particularly valuable for startups to secure outside opportunities when there is weak institutional financial support available. empirical analyses of r&d alliance agreements in the biotechnology industry furnish evidence for our theory. 5. title: prioritizing international agricultural research investments: lessons from a global multi-crop assessment authors: diemuth e. pemsl, charles staver, guy hareau, arega d. alene, ... graham thiele abstract: investments in international agricultural research have proven very successful at an aggregated level over the past decades. decision makers, however, face the tough question of how best to allocate limited public funds across increasingly diverse research areas to achieve the largest impacts. simultaneously, donors demand more accountability from research institutions with regards to use of funds and resulting impacts on food and nutrition security, the environment, gender equality and poverty reduction. from 2012-2014, the cgiar research program on roots, tubers and bananas (rtb) undertook a systematic, quantitative ex-ante priority assessment across five key crops to inform its strategic research portfolio decisions. in-depth studies were conducted for cassava, banana, potato, sweetpotato, and yams with a harmonized methodological framework. the assessments comprised: 1) elicitation of major production constraints and research opportunities through global expert surveys; 2) identification of priority research interventions; 3) ex ante estimation of costs and benefits for two adoption scenarios using partial equilibrium economic surplus models; and 4) poverty impact simulations. results suggest substantial, although variable benefits for all assessed potential research investments and provide a range of impact indicators (adoption area, number of beneficiaries, net present value, internal rate of return, and poverty reduction). the findings have since informed the research portfolio development of rtb and were critical for continued program funding in the second phase. this paper presents the methodology and results and then focuses on the policy implications and lessons learned to strengthen future priority assessments in agricultural research. 6. title: how status of research papers affects the way they are read and cited authors: misha teplitskiy, eamon duede, michael menietti, karim r. lakhani abstract: although citations are widely used to measure the influence of scientific works, research shows that many citations serve rhetorical functions and reflect little-to-no influence on the citing authors. if highly cited papers disproportionately attract rhetorical citations then their citation counts may reflect rhetorical usefulness more than influence. alternatively, researchers may perceive highly cited papers to be of higher quality and invest more effort into reading them, leading to disproportionately substantive citations. we test these arguments using data on 17,154 randomly sampled citations collected via surveys from 9,380 corresponding authors in 15 fields. we find that most citations (54%) had little-to-no influence on the citing authors. however, citations to the most highly cited papers were 2�3 times more likely to denote substantial influence. experimental and correlational data show a key mechanism: displaying low citation counts lowers perceptions of a paper's quality, and papers with poor perceived quality are read more superficially. the results suggest that higher citation counts lead to more meaningful engagement from readers and, consequently, the most highly cited papers influence the research frontier much more than their raw citation counts imply. 7. title: environmental concerns, income inequality, and purchase of environmentally-friendly products: a longitudinal study of u.s. counties (2010-2017) authors: kunyuan qiao, glen dowell abstract: environmentally-friendly products are being introduced at a rapid pace, making it critical that we understand the conditions that affect the degree to which they are accepted in a market. we investigate how two community characteristics�environmental concerns and income inequality�shape the demand for environmentally-friendly products and how the community influence depends upon the product's degree of visibility. we test our hypotheses by examining conspicuous purchases of electric vehicle (ev) and inconspicuous energy-saving equipment installment for u.s. counties from 2010 to 2017. we find that (1) environmental concerns are positively related to inconspicuous environmentally-friendly purchases only and (2) income inequality negatively affects inconspicuous environmentally-friendly purchases, but has a more positive influence on conspicuous purchases. moreover, we find a positive interactive effect of environmental concerns and income inequality on inconspicuous environmentally-friendly purchases. our study provides a more nuanced understanding of how environmental concerns and income inequality influence the acceptance of environmentally-friendly products. these findings can inform the management of policies related to environmental protection and eco-innovations, calling for attention to these community characteristics as well as the important attribute of environmentally-friendly product�i.e., visibility. 8. title: designing grant-review panels for better funding decisions: lessons from an empirically calibrated simulation model authors: thomas feliciani, michael morreau, junwen luo, pablo lucas, kalpana shankar abstract: to explore how factors relating to grades and grading affect the correctness of choices that grant-review panels make among submitted proposals. to identify interventions in panel design that may be expected to increase the correctness of choices. experimentation with an empirically-calibrated computer simulation model of panel review. model parameters are set in accordance with procedures at a national science funding agency. correctness of choices among research proposals is operationalized as agreement with the choices of an elite panel. the simulation model generates several hypotheses to guide further research. increasing the number of grades used by panel members increases the correctness of simulated choices among submitted proposals. collective decision procedures giving panels a greater capacity for discriminating among proposals also increase correctness. surprisingly, differences in grading standards among panel members do not appreciably decrease correctness. 9. title: nest without birds: inventor mobility and the left-behind patents authors: qinyu ryan wang, yanfeng zheng abstract: the mobility of inventors leaves behind their patented inventions at sourcing firms, yet there is little scholarly insight into how firms handle those intellectual properties. we investigate this important issue by developing a framework of tacit-codified knowledge interdependence. we theorize that tacit and codified knowledge offer the intellectual and legal pillars of corporate inventions, which complement each other in value creation. inventor mobility decouples the two pillars and reduces the maintenance likelihood of the left-behind patents. the negative impact is greater for inventions that are complex or rely less on internal prior art because the tacit knowledge loss is more destructive and unrecoverable. however, when inventors move to competing or litigious target firms, the relationship between mobility and patent maintenance becomes less negative or even turns positive because the left-behind patents can be leveraged to hedge against the risk of knowledge leakage. applying a two-stage coarsened exact matching approach to construct a sample of 36,204 u.s. patents with comparable leaving and staying inventors from public firms between 1983 and 2010, we find strong evidence supporting our framework. our findings highlight the intricate interdependence of tacit and codified knowledge in corporate inventions and add to the literatures on inventor mobility and intellectual property management. 10. title: staggered boards and product innovations: evidence from massachusetts state bill hb 5640 authors: i-ju chen, po-hsuan hsu, yanzhi wang abstract: in this paper, we empirically investigate how staggered boards, a prevailing governance structure of high-tech firms, influence firms� product innovations in the united states. we explore a quasi-natural experiment of a legislation change in massachusetts that forced the adoption of staggered boards in 1990 for the causal effect of staggered boards. we find that, when compared with firms in other states, massachusetts-incorporated firms without staggered boards before 1990 perform better with respect to product innovations once they adopt staggered boards after 1990. the positive effect of staggered boards on product innovations is stronger for firms with higher takeover vulnerability, with higher institutional ownership, and in industries with higher advertising expenditures. such a positive effect is consistent with staggered boards� long-term orientation and is further confirmed by treated firms� better product quality after 1990. 11. title: crowdsourcing research questions in science authors: susanne beck, tiare-maria brasseur, marion poetz, henry sauermann abstract: scientists are increasingly crossing the boundaries of the professional system by involving the general public (the crowd) directly in their research. however, this crowd involvement tends to be confined to empirical work and it is not clear whether and how crowds can also be involved in conceptual stages such as formulating the questions that research is trying to address. drawing on five different �paradigms� of crowdsourcing and related mechanisms, we first discuss potential merits of involving crowds in the formulation of research questions (rqs). we then analyze data from two crowdsourcing projects in the medical sciences to describe key features of rqs generated by crowd members and compare the quality of crowd contributions to that of rqs generated in the conventional scientific process. we find that the majority of crowd contributions are problem restatements that can be useful to assess problem importance but provide little guidance regarding potential causes or solutions. at the same time, crowd-generated research questions frequently cross disciplinary boundaries by combining elements from different fields within and especially outside medicine. using evaluations by professional scientists, we find that the average crowd contribution has lower novelty and potential scientific impact than professional research questions, but comparable practical impact. crowd contributions outperform professional rqs once we apply selection mechanisms at the level of individual contributors or across contributors. our findings advance research on crowd and citizen science, crowdsourcing and distributed knowledge production, as well as the organization of science. we also inform ongoing policy debates around the involvement of citizens in research in general, and agenda setting in particular. 12. title: r&d spillovers through rjv cooperation authors: albert banal-esta�ol, tomaso duso, jo seldeslachts, florian sz�cs abstract: we investigate how r&d spillovers propagate across firms linked through research joint ventures (rjvs). building on the framework developed by bloom et al. (2013) which considers the opposing effects of knowledge spillovers and product market rivalry, we extend the model to account for rjv cooperation. since the firm�s decision to join a rjv is endogenous, we build a model of rjv participation. the outcome equations and rjv participation are then jointly estimated in an endogenous treatment regression model. our main findings are that the adverse effects of product market rivalry are mitigated if firms cooperate in rjvs; and that rjv participation allows firms to better absorb technological spillovers and, thus, create value. 13. title: the stakeholder value proposition of digital platforms in an urban ecosystem authors: carlos carrasco-farr�, yuliya snihur, pascual berrone, joan enric ricart abstract: using a mixed-method approach, we assess the conditions under which digital platforms can successfully deliver their stakeholder value propositions (svp)�declarative statements that the digital platform makes about how it adds value or solves a problem for target stakeholders�in cities. we examine the popular digital platform airbnb in the touristic city of barcelona and analyze the extent to which it delivers its value proposition to guests, hosts, and the city. evidence suggests that airbnb in barcelona closely resembles the existing hotel industry, reinforcing over-tourism and inequality, which explains the adverse reactions airbnb has faced from the city. we contrast this with the case of a nearby non-touristic city, igualada, where the platform has delivered on its svp. our findings suggest that, while complex and gradual, the process of joint value creation between the digital platform and its stakeholders is possible and can be beneficial under conditions of mutual adjustment and business model adaptation. we uncover the substantive, localized, and dynamic characteristics of the svp design process and discuss the academic, policymaking, and managerial implications of adequate platform design.     !"$'* 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