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volume 59, issue 1, january 2022
1. title: zoning and affordability: a reply to rodr�guez-pose and storper
authors: michael manville, michael lens, paavo monkkonen.
abstract: would increasing allowable housing densities in expensive cities generate more housing construction and make housing more affordable? in a provocative article, andr�s rodr�guez-pose and michael storper survey the evidence and answer no. restrictions on housing density, they contend, do not substantially influence housing production or price. they further argue that allowing more density in growing metropolitan areas would only improve housing outcomes for the affluent, and most likely harm the poor. we take issue with both of these contentions. while uncertainties remain in the study of housing prices and land use regulation, neither theory nor evidence warrant dispensing with zoning reform, or concluding that it could only be regressive. viewed in full, the evidence suggests that increasing allowable housing densities is an important part of housing affordability in expensive regions.
2. title: dodging the burden of proof: a reply to manville, lens and m�nkk�nen
authors: andr�s rodr�guez-pose, michael storper.
abstract: manville, lens, m�nkk�nen's reply to our 'housing, urban growth and inequalities' urban studies article is welcome. however, it fails to engage with our two main criticisms of the housing-as-opportunity literature: that (a) deregulation and upzoning in large and dynamic cities are unlikely to benefit those at the bottom of the income pyramid facing the greatest affordability problems; and that (b) greater deregulation will not facilitate interregional migration from low opportunity regions to booming cities, thus having no discernible impact on within-city and cross-regional inequality. we also argue that because they publicly endorse legislation making bold claims in this respect, the burden of proof lies on them and others who propose sweeping policy experiments with our cities.
3. title: how do low-income commuters get to work in us and mexican cities? a comparative empirical assessment
authors: erick guerra, shengxiao li, ariadna reyes.
abstract: this paper applies multinomial logit models to examine how metropolitan urban form, housing type and socioeconomic factors covary with individuals commute mode choice for 1.2 million low-income workers in the usa and mexico. comparing the commute patterns of low-income households across the usa mexico border sheds light on the consistency of estimated relationships across global contexts and the likely transferability of transportation and land use policies from the global north to the global south. we find many common relationships on each side of the border, despite substantial socioeconomic and urban differences. for example, wealthier and better-educated low-income workers in low-density metropolitan areas with substantial road supply are more likely to drive to work and less likely to use active modes. we also find some considerable differences between the magnitude and even direction of associations between predictor variables and commuter mode choice. in terms of public policy, efforts to reduce driving or promote compact development are more likely to reduce driving and more likely to be pro-poor in mexico than in the usa. in mexico, just 13% of low-income workers commute by car and dense urban form is relatively strongly associated with increases in transit, non-motorised modes and working at home. high rates of driving and auto-oriented urban form make policies to reduce driving particularly likely to be regressive in most us metropolitan areas.
4. title: cycling mode choice amongst us commuters: the role of climate and topography
authors: justin tyndall.
abstract: cycling to work is uncommon in most areas of the usa but relatively common in a particular set of metros and neighbourhoods. explanations for this spatial heterogeneity often focus on differences in local geography, with some areas being allegedly more suitable for cycling. i estimate the role of topography and climate in determining the share of a metro�s workers who cycle to work and the probability a particular worker chooses to cycle. i combine a usa-wide data set of commute flows with detailed elevation and climate data. i find that climate and topography play essentially no role in explaining cycling mode share across metros. across workers, the hilliness of a commuter�s route is found to be statistically irrelevant to cycling mode choice.
5. title: when local access matters: a detailed analysis of place, neighbourhood amenities and travel choice
authors: erik elld�r, katarina haugen, bertil vilhelmson.
abstract: how cities can become more conducive to sustainable travel patterns is a pressing matter in urban research. in the built environment�travel literature, several features potentially promoting sustainable mobility remain under-researched. one concerns the precise role of local accessibility � in terms of the number, variety and specific types of amenities � in promoting the slow modes of walking and cycling and in reducing car use. another is the possibility that the standard assumption of a linear relationship between density and (un)sustainable travel is flawed. to fill these gaps, we explore specific local amenity supply types that stimulate a large share of residents to walk or cycle, avoiding long drives, to accomplish their daily activities. in a case study of the v�stra g�taland region in sweden, we analyse a combination of high-quality micro data from registers and the national travel survey using a stepwise statistical approach. we find evidence of non-linear discontinuities and significant geographical variation in how local accessibility affects travel behaviour. while more neighbourhood amenities contribute to more walking/cycling, the effect of establishing additional amenities varies amongst neighbourhood types and travel variables. local everyday services, for example, grocery stores and preschools, are critical in triggering change. the findings inform urban planning by showing how a basic supply of essential amenities could contribute to better prerequisites for walking or cycling and reduced car dependence by inducing residents to choose local options.
6. title: the impact of immediate urban environments on people�s momentary happiness
authors: lingling su, suhong zhou, mei-po kwan, yanwei chai, xue zhang.
abstract: the research interest of urban researchers and geographers in the relationship between urban environments and happiness has been increasing. previous studies have mostly focused on people�s long-term overall wellbeing. however, there is limited evidence that momentary happiness is associated with immediate urban environments. this study provides new evidence on this issue. 144 participants living in guangzhou, china, were asked to repeatedly self-report their momentary happiness through ecological momentary assessment (ema) and the day reconstruction method (drm). the microenvironment variables were captured by portable sensors, while the built environment variables were captured by associating the gps response locations with objective spatial data. the results indicate that momentary happiness is influenced by immediate microenvironment variables and built environment characteristics including temperature, noise, pm2.5, population, poi density, poi types and street intersections. on the other hand, the use of different sizes of contextual units affects the results. the built environment in 100 m buffers and the microenvironment has higher explanatory power for momentary happiness recorded by ema than the built environment in 500 m buffers. similarly, the temporality of the contextual influences also affects the results. urban environment features have higher explanatory power for real-time momentary happiness recorded by ema than recalled momentary happiness recorded by drm. these results also strongly corroborate the results of recent studies on the uncertain geographic context problem (ugcop) and partly explain the inconsistency in the results of past research.
7. title: developing urban growth and urban quality: entrepreneurial governance and urban redevelopment projects in copenhagen and hamburg
authors: j�rgen bruns-berentelg, luise noring, adam grydeh�j.
abstract: this paper considers the cases of urban redevelopment at waterfront and brownfield sites in copenhagen (denmark) and hamburg (germany) to explore how two municipal governments have pursued divergent kinds of entrepreneurial governance, even as they have aimed to create similar kinds of new-build neighbourhoods. copenhagen and hamburg have both engaged in large-scale speculative development projects, simultaneously raising urban land values and adding urban public good. the cities follow a long tradition of using land value capture to raise funds for municipal activities, yet their scopes of action and tools for achieving progress have been shaped by local economic and political conditions. although both cities began redevelopment at similar kinds of sites in the 1990s, copenhagen�s municipal government was relatively impoverished, while hamburg�s municipal government was relatively wealthy. as a result, even though both cities deployed state-owned enterprises (soes) and revolving funds models to reinvest revenues in future development, they possessed different potential strategies for increasing intercity competitiveness: copenhagen�s immediate aim in redeveloping its �restad and harbour districts was to fund a citywide mass transit system and thereby enhance competitiveness through infrastructure development, while hamburg sought to use its hafencity waterfront redevelopment to boost competitiveness through port modernisation, increased in urban quality and commercial expansion in the city centre. by comparing these two cases, we can better understand the contingent nature of entrepreneurial governance and urban redevelopment processes.
8. title: on the long-run solution to aggregate housing systems
authors: geoffrey meen, alexander mihailov, yehui wang.
abstract: this paper explores the properties of dynamic aggregate housing models. in conventional models, in response to demand shocks the primary adjustment mechanism is through prices and changes in housing supply. however, the size of the supply response depends on the price elasticity of supply and in countries such as the uk where the elasticity is low, house prices can rise sharply, worsening affordability. but this ignores the roles of housing risk and credit markets which affect the user cost of capital and the paper demonstrates that models that explicitly introduce a housing risk premium have an additional price stabiliser. the importance is shown through stochastic simulations; these simulations also demonstrate that conventional models used for forecasting and policy analysis may overstate future house price growth.
9. title: airbnb and its potential impact on the london housing market
authors: zahratu shabrina, elsa arcaute, michael batty.
abstract: this article identifies proxies which account for the impacts that the airbnb platform is having on housing in greater london. we identify these by analysing the relationships between possible airbnb misuse and the attributes of housing in the same locations. we assume misuse when listings of entire properties within the airbnb platform do not conform with local regulations and where hosts who offer such housing have multiple listings. in particular, we examine (1) the dwelling type based on building typology; (2) the type of housing tenure, whether it is owned or rented; and (3) the spatial distribution of changes in rent payable. three important findings emerge from our analysis. first, based on 2018 data, we estimate that more than 2% of all properties in london, and up to 7% in some local areas are being misused through airbnb as short-term holiday rentals. second, the location of these particular airbnb rentals is negatively correlated with the diversity of dwelling types and positively correlated with dwelling type such as an apartment (or flat) in areas of high private rental stock. last, we show that a 100% increase in the density of possible airbnb misuse can be associated with up to an 8% increase in unit rental price per-bedroom per-week, an equivalent to up to an average of �90 price increase per year. finally, we discuss how this type of analysis can help build instruments to inform policies associated with the platform economy in relation to increasing polarisation in the london housing market.
10. title: the effects of land price in the peri-urban fringe of mexico city: environmental amenities for informal land parcel purchasers
authors: estebania teyeliz mart�nez-jim�nez, julie le gallo, enrique p�rez-campuzano, alonso aguilar ibarra.
abstract: in many developing countries, urban growth is characterised by the emergence of informal housing at the periphery. nevertheless, there is little evidence based on data from informal land markets and, in general, studies focusing on such markets often neglect environmental factors. therefore, to contribute to these research gaps, this article aims to enhance our understanding of land markets in informal land parcels and their relationship to environmental amenities, by providing empirical evidence from mexico city. the article estimates a hedonic pricing model using robust ordinary least squares with a shac (spatial heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent) inference, including structural, environmental, neighbourhood and accessibility features. results provide empirical insights regarding the way this land market behaves in the peri-urban area. our findings reveal that informal land parcel purchasers are willing to pay for basic services such as access to piped water, proximity to schools and accessibility features such as being close to city centre, motorways and underground stations. although a positive relationship between land price and distance to the nearest forest or protected natural area is highlighted, it is low, meaning that individuals are largely ambivalent about environmental amenities. therefore, the problem of irregular settlements could be approached from two different angles. firstly, informal land buyers will not desist from invading and modifying natural areas without a comprehensive urban and environmental policy, oriented towards changing the perception of green areas as potential urbanisation opportunities. secondly, public policy needs to solve the housing supply crisis, considering the characteristics presented here.
11. title: the (de)territorialised appeal of international schools in china: forging brands, boundaries and inter-belonging in segregated urban space
authors: lily kong, orlando woods, hong zhu.
abstract: this paper considers how the (de)territorialised appeal of international schools in china can reflect, enforce and expand pre-existing patterns of urban segregation. whilst exploration of the effects of educational marketplaces on urban environments has become a focus of scholarly research, the recent expansion in the supply of, and demand for, international education has caused these effects to b !#/013<{|������̬̽̚�~qcuhc=u2hh�5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(hh�hh�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(#hh�hh�5�cjojqj^jaj h��5�cjojqj^jajo(hh�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajhh�5�cjojqj^jaj#hh�hh�5�cjojqj^jaj012|�cd�����]^����:t�"�"������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4����bcdegmn���������������ʼ��喤�x���mx�_�qfh%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(hih�l$ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(hh�hh�5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(hh�hh�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(����������&(\]^_agh������²��§�й�tgyk>�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihanojqj^jhh�hh�ojqj^jh�)hto�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(hh�hh�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(����������������9:bcrst���ǽ�⮡��{m_{�q_{ǽahvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(hh�hh�ojqj^jh�)h$?�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhh�hh�5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(t}~�"�"�"�"�"�"�"####u#v#w#`#a#� � � � � ���ƚ�����x�j�_o���ƚb�h|�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jhh�hh�5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(hh�hh�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j�"#w#� � ",`,�2�2-3e3�6�6�6-75=6=�=->,e-e�e�e�b�b�b�������������������������gd�s�gd�_gdlz�gd�)ggd|�gd)w�gdr7a� � � !,", ,^,_,`,i,j,�2�2�2�2�2�2�2,3-353�����ֽ����vk^pb^�4bhvi�h�)g5�ojqj^jh�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(hh�hh�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhvi�h|�5�ojqj^jhh�hh�5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(h|�h|�5�ojqj^j5363c3d3e3n3o3�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6 7,7-76777���ʼ����~qcuh�:u��ʼ�hvi�hlz�5�ojqj^jhlz�5�ojqj^jo(hlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hh�h)w�ojqj^jo(hh�ojqj^jhh�hh�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhh�hh�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(77=4=5=6=8=:=@=a=�=�=�= >,>->6>7> e,e-e����õ���~��scug�9�h}onh)w�ojqj^jo(hih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jhvi�h�_5�ojqj^jhh�hh�5�ojqj^jh�_5�ojqj^jo(h�_h�_5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hh�h)w�ojqj^jo(hh�ojqj^jhh�hh�ojqj^j-e/e1e7e8e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�g`�b�b�b�b�b����ɻɢ��vigiyn@8jh/lnuhj<hj<5�ojqjo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(uhh�hh�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hh�5�ojqj^jh[h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jhh�hh�5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(ecome more nuanced. as (de)territorialised entities, international schools can cause multiple forms of spatial and psycho-social distinction and (dis)association to become intertwined, the effects of which start from the school and radiate out from there. international schools can therefore cause segregation to become a structurally entrenched phenomenon. these ideas are illustrated through an empirical examination of three international schools located in the eastern chinese city of suzhou. we explore the ways in which these schools are branded spaces that reproduce socio-spatial boundaries and thus foster a (de)territorialised sense of inter-belonging amongst their students.
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