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��ࡱ�>�� xz����w��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�'fbjbj�n�n2d��a��a> �������""������������8�\u��qlqqqqq���=q?q?q?q?q?q?q$*s��u<cq������cq��qq4xq%%%�b�q�q=q%�=q%%%q����p�l'3�����%)q�q0�q%v#fv%%�0v��m@��%�����cqcqi�����q������������������������������������������������������������������������v���������"q s: science and public policy volume 50, issue 6, december 2023 1. title: openness, innovation, and science policy in the age of data-driven medicine authors: graham dutfield and katerina sideri abstract: modern-day healthcare is becoming increasingly information intensive including at the personal level. the genomic data made available by the human genome project gave this trend a great deal of impetus as did the more recent emergence of big data analytics alongside unprecedented computing power including artificial intelligence, enabling the generation of useful health-relevant information out of vast genomic and other data sets. digitally recorded and annotated genetic and other molecular information acquired from large numbers of people, especially when combined with other information (lifestyle, family, personal electronic health history records, etc.) coming from a wide range of sources, can provide not only a massive volume of health-related data for analysis, but also diversity in kinds of information we can derive, from responsiveness to drugs, to likelihood of contracting particular diseases, and ways to prevent or reduce risk of certain diseases later in life. it is not just healthcare in the broad sense that is moving onto computer screens; medicine is becoming digital as much as it is chemical, especially when treatment concerns itself more and more with disease prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of sickness, health and treatment effects and side-effects, and of course with personalisation. according to one recent article on the subject, �the patient is an enormous repository of information that needs to be harvested as a partnership not only in clinical care but in discovery� the ability to stratify the phenotypic expression of wellness and disease will ultimately lead to better validation of human therapeutic targets for drug discovery� (d ausiello, quoted in elenco et al. 2015). 2. title: making sense of knowledge-brokering organisations: boundary organisations or policy entrepreneurs? authors: eleanor mackillop and others abstract: knowledge-brokering organisations (kbos) have multiplied in the evidence�policy landscape worldwide, changing how decision-makers are accessing evidence. yet, we still know little about their emergence and roles. this research helps to understand kbos and their place in evidence-based policymaking by highlighting the varied work that they do, the relationships they cultivate with policymakers, the complex knowledge-brokering processes they negotiate, and how they establish their credibility in different ways. we build on boundary organisation theory and the concept of policy entrepreneur (pe) (drawn from the multiple streams analysis) to develop a better understanding of kbos who play multiple roles. by using the pe concept, we bring a greater focus on the politics of brokering. this duality involves them in seeking to provide �objective� evidence while simultaneously determining what counts as evidence for policy and making recommendations for political decisions. 3. title: priorities in research portfolios: exploring the need for upstream research in cardiometabolic and mental health authors: wouter van de klippe and others abstract: a current issue in mission-oriented research policy is the balance of priorities in research portfolios. in parallel, in health policies, there is a debate on shifting research away from biomedical treatments towards health promotion and well-being. in this study, we examine if research agendas are responsive to these demands in cardiometabolic and mental health. first, we conducted bibliometric analyses which showed that most research remains focused on biomedical and clinical approaches. in contrast, focus groups and interviews suggested that more research is needed upstream, i.e. on broader determinants of health, public health, and health systems. most experts also saw a need for more intervention-oriented research. furthermore, comparisons between cardiometabolic and mental health suggested that they require similar upstream knowledge in issues such as health systems, nutrition, labour, or economic conditions. we discuss the reasons for the persistence of current priorities and the implications in the context of funding strategies. 4. title: diversification, integration, and opening: developments in modelling for policy authors: anja bauer and others abstract: closely-associated with calls for evidence-based policy-making, computer models are increasingly used to support public policies on a wide range of complex and controversial issues, ranging from energy and trade policies to regulating chemicals. in this article, we discuss three trends in modelling for policy and their implications for the authority of models in policy-making. first, we observe the proliferation of models and the differentiation of respective modelling landscapes and communities, resulting in intensified competition for political authority and early path dependencies in their political use. second, different models are increasingly coupled or integrated into complex model frameworks, raising questions of comprehensibility and accountability. third, modelling for policy experiences calls for transparency and opening that should serve scientific demands of replicability and verifications as well as political demands of legitimacy. in conclusion, we emphasise the continuous relevance of social scientific analyses of modelling for policy. 5. title: government subsidies, private r&d, and global value chains position: the moderating role of task complexity authors: furong qian abstract: the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of government subsidies and private research and development (r&d) on global value chains position (gvcp) and the moderating role of task complexity in china. it utilizes regional data from official chinese statistics and the trade in value added 2018 database from the period of 2005�2016. the results indicate that different sources of r&d funds have different effects on gvcp. in particular, government subsidies promote gvcp, while private r&d impedes gvcp. furthermore, the results indicate that task complexity positively moderates the relationship between private r&d and gvcp, and it negatively moderates the relationship between government subsidies and gvcp. therefore, this study highlights the importance of task complexity for regional enterprises seeking to enhance their gvcp and provides policymakers with new insights into their subsidy policies. 6. title: improving the regional innovation scoreboard for policy: how about innovation efficiency? authors: peter teirlinck and andr� spithoven abstract: this paper aims to improve the regional innovation scoreboard as an instrument for policy-making. dynamic slack�based models of data envelopment analysis to measure innovation output efficiency in 207 european regions demonstrate that the scale-based performance classification of the scoreboard into �leader�, �strong�, �moderate�, and �modest� innovator regions inadequately reflects differences in efficiency in transforming knowledge inputs into innovation outputs. we reveal a non-monotonic relation between scale-based and efficiency-based performance and substantial heterogeneity among the reasons for inefficiency among regions within each of the four scale-based performance classes of regions. our findings argue for an extension of the current scale-based use of the scoreboard by adding an efficiency-based measurement of the innovation process. doing so addresses the tendency in policy design towards an increased focus on the efficient use of scarce resources in place-based policy approaches and strengthens the application of the scoreboard as an informative decision-making tool. 7. title: co-design and its consequences: developing a shared patient engagement framework in the imi-paradigm project authors: callum j gunn and others abstract: whilst patient engagement (pe) activities have become increasingly prevalent in development of medicines, collaborating actors have different perspectives on the goals of pe and its added value. in the production of pe standards and frameworks, the significance of these differences tends to be minimised. boundary objects have been shown to mediate knowledge exchange between multiple social worlds, thereby playing an important role in participatory technology governance processes. in this article, we draw on boundary objects to learn from the process of co-designing a pe monitoring and evaluation (m&e) framework within the innovative medicines initiative�patients active in research and dialogues for an improved generation of medicines (imi-paradigm) consortium (2018�20). as facilitators of paradigm�s co-design process, we report on the challenges encountered in developing a practicable m&e framework that serves a variety of needs and interests. we argue these challenges of co-design reflect a negotiation of different frames throughout, thereby providing insight into how such work may contribute to addressing the challenge of knowledge integration in institutional medicines development settings. 8. title: multilevel innovation policy mix in china: do local programmes complement national programmes? authors: xing shi and others abstract: chinese governments at all levels have been using various policies to encourage innovation by firms. however, few studies considered the superimposed effects of multilevel innovation policies. based on the panel data of 443 chinese innovation�oriented firms from 2008 to 2011, this study investigates the complementarities between national and local science and technology programmes. the heterogeneous effects across stages of the innovation process are also considered. results show that the national science and technology (s&t) programmes significantly increase firms� external research and development (r&d) expenditure but inhibit the commercialisation. in addition, the national and local s&t programmes complement each other in promoting external r&d expenditure while presenting substitutive in increasing patent outputs. this paper further finds that national and local programmes are more likely to be complementary at high subsidy intensity. this study contributes to the development of policy mix theory and has manifold implications for designing pertinent innovation policy systems 9. title: research excellence and scientific advisory boards authors: maya g�ser and others abstract: scientific advisory boards are frequently established to provide scientific insights and advice to policymakers. advisory board appointing bodies often state that research excellence and scientific seniority are the main grounds on which advisory board members are selected. many authors have pointed out that there is more to giving good scientific advice than just being an expert for a specific research field. the aim of this study is to analyse if and how research excellence correlates with the probability of being appointed as a scientific advisory board member. we collected data for scientific advisory boards from both the usa and germany. we use logit regression models to analyse how research excellence correlates with the probability of appointment to a scientific advisory board. our results suggest that research excellence is insignificant or even correlates negatively with the probability of being appointed to a scientific advisory board. 10. title: to govern or be governed: an integrated framework for ai governance in the public sector authors: hyeri choi and min jae park abstract: there has been a significantly increased amount of literature on various aspects of artificial intelligence (ai), but research on ai governance has been a considerably underdeveloped area. this study proposes a comprehensive framework for designing ai governance in the public sector to overcome the limitations of previous studies that primarily dealt with the fragmentary aspect of ai. also, we applied the developed framework to the case of korea by combining it with the rank-order survey questions that target experts. this case study presents how to use the framework and provides insight for other countries. 11. title: local market, central government support, and local governments� homegrown development strategy in high-tech industries authors: huidong peng abstract: the homegrown strategy (i.e. supporting domestic enterprises) in the high-tech manufacturing sector is very important for developing countries� sustainable growth and economic security. in reality, only some local governments adopt the homegrown strategy in high-tech industries while others not. this paper attempts to explore factors affecting local governments� adoption of the homegrown strategy in the high-tech sector. it argues that under the decentralized fiscal system and relative performance�based cadre evaluation system, local development strategy choices in a high-tech industry are significantly shaped by two factors: (1) the size of the local high-tech product market in the early stage of this industry�s development and (2) the support for domestic enterprises from the central government. localities with a large local high-tech product market and support from the center are more likely to adopt the homegrown strategy. case studies on eight chinese sub-provincial localities� chipmaking industries confirm these hypotheses. 12. title: fun and less fun funding: the experiential affordances of research grant conditions authors: andreas kj�r stage and ea h�g utoft abstract: the conditions of mainstream research funding constrain risky, novel research. however, alternative grants are emerging. we study grantees of a double-blinded funding scheme targeting risky, novel research: the villum experiment (ve). without prompting, scientists juxtaposed the experience of performing research under these conditions with that of performing research funded by mainstream grants: fun and less fun. the conditions of ve felt less intrusive and appealed to their self-perceptions and idealized views of scientific work, which shaped how they conducted the funded research. this paper makes three contributions: (1) it reaffirms that how researchers experience grant conditions affects whether a scheme affords what it intends, (2) it highlights that the affordances of research funding are relative to other concurrent funding options, and (3) it shows that small, more broadly allocatable grants can afford scientists a protected space for autonomous research, usually associated with elusive tenure positions or european research council (erc) grants. 13. title: evidence-neglect: addressing a barrier to uk health and climate policy ambitions authors: theresa m marteau abstract: scientific evidence is just one of many sources of information for policymakers. neglecting this evidence is, however, an important feature of unsuccessful policy-making. recent uk governments� ambitions to improve the nation�s health and tackle climate change are�to varying degrees�off course. these include halving childhood obesity by 2030 and achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. evidence on the 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