-凯发k8游戏

��ࡱ�>�� bd����a��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r��*bjbj�n�n2<��a��az" �������""������������8�4-�rnlaaaaauuu�m�m�m�m�m�m�m$�o��r<n�uuuuun��aa4,nu��a�a�mu�ma�����8涰������(�mbn0rn�rcf�r�0�r�k�uuuuuuunn��uuurnuuuu���������������������������������������������������������������������ruuuuuuuuu"q s: american sociological review volume 87, issue 4, august 2022 1. title: commitment through sacrifice: how longer ramadan fasting strengthens religiosity and political islam authors: ozan aksoy, diego gambetta abstract: religions seem to defy the law-of-demand, which suggests that all else equal, an increase in the cost of an activity will induce individuals to decrease the resources they spend on that activity. rather than weakening religious organizations, evidence shows that the sacrifices exacted by religious practices are positively associated with the success of those organizations. we present the first strong evidence that this association is neither spurious nor endogenous. we use a natural experiment that rests on a peculiar time-shifting feature of ramadan that makes the fasting duration�our measure of sacrifice�vary not just by latitude but from year-to-year. we find that a half-hour increase in fasting time during the median ramadan day increases the vote shares of islamist political parties by 11 percent in turkey�s parliamentary elections between 1973 and 2018, and results in one additional attendee per 1,000 inhabitants for voluntary quran courses. we further investigate two mechanisms, screening and commitment, that could explain the effects we find. by testing their divergent implications, we infer that commitment is the mechanism triggered by sacrifice, which drives up the intensity of religious beliefs and participation that in turn bolster the success of religious organizations. 2. title: selfish or substituting spirituality? clarifying the relationship between spiritual practice and political engagement authors: jaime kucinskas, evan stewart abstract: churches have long been sites of local charity work as well as national political movements. what happens when people engage in more individualistic forms of spirituality, like mindfulness meditation or yoga, rather than participate in religious communities? might the rise of individualized forms of spirituality lead to a decline in political engagement? or, among people averse to religion, might spiritual practice operate as a substitute, and potentially contribute to political engagement? drawing on burgeoning theory of religion and spirituality as socially-situated boundary objects, we use data from the 2020 national religion and spirituality survey to examine the relationship between self-reported spiritual and religious practices and political engagement. first, we investigate whether study participants distinguish spiritual and religious practice as distinct concepts through factor analysis. next, we use those results to examine the association between these practices and reports of political behavior. we find a consistent, positive relationship between spiritual practice and political engagement of comparable magnitude to that of religious practices. notably, during an era of heightened political polarization around religious engagement, political progressives, respondents of color, and members of the lgbt community are more likely to report spiritual rather than religious practices. this points us to a theory of spiritual practice as a substitute for religious engagement among groups alienated from religious institutions, with the former capable of fostering similar proclivities for political action as the latter. our results suggest critiques of a �selfish� spirituality have been overblown. 3. title: femininity anchors: heterosexual relationships and pregnancy as sites of harassment for u.s. servicewomen authors: stephanie bonnes abstract: this article draws on in-depth interviews with 50 u.s. servicewomen to advance sociological understandings of gender, femininity, and harassment. recognizing that women are targeted with harassment throughout their military careers, i analyze specific episodes of harassment to examine organizational and interactional meanings and the power dynamics embedded in these instances. this article explains why servicemen escalate harassment toward women who are pregnant or who enter heterosexual relationships. in a militarized context that already denigrates femininity, i argue that men impose gendered and sexualized meanings on women�s life-course events to limit women�s organizational inclusion. these events, such as pregnancy and engagement or marriage to a heterosexual partner, serve as �femininity anchors� that tether women to femininity within a hyper-masculine environment. femininity anchors present serious interactional and individual consequences for women as they attempt to navigate the gendered terrain of the u.s. military. aside from eliciting moments of elevated sexual and nonsexual harassment, femininity anchors restrict women�s acceptance as real servicemembers and negatively affect their military careers. in highlighting the negative treatment women receive due to femininity anchors, i demonstrate how the specific ways gender is embedded in an organization shapes patterns of harassment and exclusion. 4. title: what�s next? artists� music after grammy awards authors: giacomo negro, bal�zs kov�cs, glenn r. carroll abstract: do the cultural works artists produce after receiving major awards change in character? as awards lessen the constraints artists typically face, we argue that award winners receive more opportunities, gain more autonomy, and are more likely to pursue unique creative paths. empirically, we analyze the consequences of winning a major grammy award, a high-profile (often status-shifting) honor in the popular music industry. using a neural learning approach, we examine the subsequent artistic differentiation of albums of award winners from albums of other artists. we analyze whether the music styles and sonic content of post-grammy albums of winners change, and whether they become more or less similar to the combined corpus of albums of other artists. in panel regression estimates, we find that after winning a grammy, artists tend to release albums that stand out more stylistically from other artists. surprisingly, artists who were nominated but did not win a grammy became more similar to other artists than they were before the nomination. the findings suggest symbolic awards can regularly induce change and affect the heterogeneity of cultural products. 5. title: judges as party animals: retirement timing by federal judges and party control of judicial appointments authors: ross m. stolzenberg, james lindgren abstract: long-standing debate over the politicized departure hypothesis (pdh) asserts that federal judges tend to arrange to retire under presidents of the same political party as the president who first appointed them, thereby giving that party the right to nominate their successor. pdh is important for asserting political party agency by judges, who receive no consequent personal benefit, and for explaining the long-term political party orientation of courts. pdh studies inevitably suffer from absence of data on known and unknown determinants of retirement timing. to avoid these and other problems, we apply 11 sharp regression discontinuity (srd) analyses to voluntary judicial departures before and after five elections that replace republican presidents with democrats, and six that replace democrats with republicans, 1920 to 2018. results of difference tests, difference-in-differences tests, and others are as predicted by pdh, for 10 of 11 analyses, for pre-election and post-inauguration observation periods of 270 days. although unexpected, we find stronger pdh effects for republican appointees than for democratic appointees. we offer a novel explanation of pdh based on normative reciprocity rather than ideology. 6. title: the agrarian roots of divergent development: a case study of twentieth-century brazil authors: chris carlson abstract: the literature on development has long highlighted the role of international trade and developmental states as key factors in explaining divergent processes of economic development. a country�s position in the world economy and its state�s capacity to promote industrialization are seen as fundamental to understanding its development path. yet, these approaches are often inadequate for explaining the actual contours of industrial and economic growth across the global south. in this study, an in-depth case study of brazil reveals the limits of the mainstream approaches and illustrates the centrality of the underlying agrarian economy for understanding the country�s development path. archival and quantitative data show that both the timing and location of industrialization in brazil are better explained by the agrarian dynamics that unfolded in the country in the twentieth century. this has broader implications for understanding development processes throughout the global south.     $&./17:<=>@i�������ʻʻʩ���~qcuhc=2h�#j5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#j5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�#jh�#j5�cjojqj^jajh�#j5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�#jh�#j5�cjojqj^jaj=>?��� � u�gh����� � � !d!&�����������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gd�#jgdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4������� � � � � � � tu}~������f���ǹ�����x��hx�]��mx?�hih�l$ojqj^jo(h�#jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�#j5�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#jojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�#jht45�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#j5�ojqj^jh�#j5�ojqj^jo(fghijkqr�����������������ķ٨��٨��zm`�se7h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(hihanojqj^jh�#jh�#jojqj^jh� )hto�ojqj^jo(hvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h�#jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#j5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^j hto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(����������  � � � � � � � !����󼯼��ǒ�vk^pb^�h�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#jojqj^jh� )h$?�ojqj^jo(h�#jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h�?5�ojqj^jo(h�?5�ojqj^jh$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#j5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(!!! !4!5!c!d!m!n!&&&&&"&#&x&���˾����wi^qc5q�hr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#jojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�#jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#j5�ojqj^jh�#j5�ojqj^jo(h�#j5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h�psh�ps5�ojqj^jhvi�h�ps5�ojqj^j&&y&�&y*z*|*}**�*�*�*�*�*�*�*���������������gd�gdr7agd�#jgd)w�x&y&�&�&�&�&�&�&x*y*z*{*}*~*�*�*�*�*�*�*���ƿ����rjfjfjfjfrh�b�jh�b�uhj<hj<5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#jojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�#jh�#j5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�#jhr7a5�ojqj^j01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s�� ��s2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~�������� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��j ck�e $1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ���$ ؞���k=�w[sobi���b nf�h�&��ŝ�]�6��ҩ��n=���in����a7���qb&>!"�h [�� �lx�z)��w�v�og�%�ţ|8mă#�/��8��'��=���q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl���%�� ��n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i�bcax���/=x e��'5��&\�h�4da���,ye\}�)�l�a�����r�^��*�z���y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c���w��r�b���*i�v�u�r��u����|�nc`�|����*^����pk! ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m �0���wooӻ�&݈э���5 6?$q�� �,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 0_rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!���f���theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-! ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]� �"<���� �f�!x&�*&�*�@� @���������h ��0�( � ����0�( � ��b �s ���� ?�������� � ��������(3z"|"}""�"�"�"�"�"���z"�"3�z"|"}""�"�"�"�"�"$&./17:<??i��������tuu~��f h h r � � � �������� ���� cn#x���x"y"y"�"��q04e��n[g�ku],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i�= {u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~�� {r�v �4�1l2q �"�i aha��og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*� 7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�` rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a 6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[� k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~� ��y��k� ?i��� * �? = ��#? ?*� @�4le� dw" �� �z�g�kd �2�^e �-h�x �w��t� bs &�x� -z�y� �w� i�>�:-� �u kkkkdw" q�x�-h� k^r� �^�vxb� �=#�/y�pur ���� ��'ff�x-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��fv��-�p�'�e��|3�4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&����` [� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"���[��h�2��d���t��w�8i� (f�tl(����}�t�a9�~�8� �7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d� )r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v���/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#���<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y]o$e��r�-��.��zf�7��>��y ;� �e �o[kh,~�hmpm~� mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t an�gap�y8��x� ��s��d���z��j�vzq��t\ ~��av'po�_m4�i�w��tkpb�` rq1��yn�pur �p}��� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l� �!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#� � �i3#�#? �=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#���2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w (r�@�~d:(� _(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e ��w)!,�f���)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�7� � � {p���c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d� �,�>m��x�,� {u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc���-x*�y���->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|���y/ds}���/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��efw2 �z��>2"o�a2j|�g�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�w�3ui�� �3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^� -a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5 -a5�a 6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7��6�a�r!�6q1���@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr f8c�]��jo8�~�8�� �8��b�n9?oi�q�9�a:�kx_��y@:�kus�:kkkk�3�:�!�q�y ;�o";�4mjj o;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�[u�u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?�s�? u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��z�@z]%hag;��:a�s6ay8���doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an���a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\���ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c�hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y� ��f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q �q� �qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwrrdwr� {r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� �(u�r�$atxcs�#sw/�=fzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4�h'�s�g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s��,!u�rdi�@gku�u0 g�u���uxcs>�uc;�rxyyv�d�^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y���x�3�:��o�x�#s^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��(y�ku�`-y<myv ��q�yv^mc���y< z�&xfk{z�kd  �zhp�� [�enx�:[�=�^�` [�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s���7y]�>aqs�]���c�]hv�i���]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t a��&na[mk,�9a��q���a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t� 3b@�z��)ib�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^����c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�y�d�y ;zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� * ^ee����l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u �t�edu�efd��&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f< z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=j|�g�z�g�-9h�k?oi�u�<� )i�e pmebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkz l!{�?�klv:g��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k��.�mz*�ma�� �m�hn�y`�gn� �!�g)nfr>��^^nv��, mn�kj>�nh#�n�gv'po� ���"�o�"�o6gp�e �oh��.�o�r��v�o mg���o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� �e p @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ���qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�k}urj|�gc;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to �v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�enx[�x, mnf�x&xn �x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7���yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o���z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{ hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s� u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v�9�}�e p�=�}jbs{�q�}\ ~ �=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i����x ��m�j�����[w�3`�?2 r� �p j^ �n�_ati�wb��.h j<sh�to>s�r#�l$�}&�m'�m(� )�g)%j,�p.�i/�2�z2'4�14t4.6�6*8;i8cj8�9�e=k&>e!@jj@r7a�ec�nd�udvf0 i�#j4tj�kul%man�%smkxgy�py�^ro_5a�7ahc 2e�lf�qf�)gjmi�ckalthllmnnm}on[r�ps0@ui1vywicy�x}�/�wt�mw��=��=��`�j�nj��9�l�.~�j�v�=h��j��~�du�� �=i�fj�to�4��m��2�)w���lz� ��c��b�7�u<�[��t��r��������^�v��\�a�vi�|w�r�����$?�� ��!�s/�� ��8�*��-��_�$-��f�><��%����r��c�7"����s�?5����"�gl�bj�h��-��� ��"�l%�w��*� p�2����y�� ��e�`-�|�z"|"�@������"�@��unknown������������g��.�[x� �times new roman5��symbol3.� �.�[x� �arial7.� ��[ @�verdana;���(�[sosimsuna����$b�cambria math 1��h;"�f�z���s%u>%u>!-!),.:;?]}����    & 6"0000 0 0 00000��� � �����=�@�\�]�^���([{�  0 0 00000��;�[����������i"i" 2�q��hp��?�����������������������"�2!xx��@/x ���userlib-x�� �����oh�� '��0t������� ��   (4<dl�usernormallib-x153microsoft office word@��[/@�y��\�@�����%u�� ��՜.�� ,��0� x`t|�� ����� microsoft>i"  ���� !"#$%&����()* ,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklmnop����rstuvwx����z[\]^_`��������c��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������root entry�������� �f@�춰��e�data ������������1table����'�rworddocument����2<summaryinformation(������������qdocumentsummaryinformation8��������ycompobj������������n������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ���� �fmicrosoft word 97-2003 �ĵ� msworddocword.document.8�9�q
网站地图