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�������""������������8�\u�rlqqqqq���q�q�q�q�q�q�q$ls�"vf�q�������q��qq4�q����r�q�qq��q���q������1j�����(�kq�q0r�hv?fhv���/hv�gn���������q�q�,���r������������������������������������������������������������������������hv���������"qs: urban studies
volume 59, issue 3, february 2022
1. title: introduction: infrastructural stigma and urban vulnerability
authors: hanna baumann, haim yacobi
abstract: in this introduction to the special issue �infrastructural stigma and urban vulnerability�, we outline the need to join up debates on infrastructural exclusion on the one hand and urban stigma on the other. we argue that doing so will allow us to develop a better understanding of the co-constitutive relationship between the material and the symbolic structures of the city shaping urban exclusion and vulnerability. positing that stigma is not merely a symbolic force but has significant material effects, we show how urban dwellers often experience it in deeply embodied ways, including through impacts on their physical health. furthermore, stigma is not only imposed on the built environment through discourse, it also emanates from the materiality of the city; this agentic role of the city is often disregarded in sociologically-informed approaches to urban stigma. when infrastructures become sites of contestation about urban inclusion, stigma can be utilised by stigmatised residents to demand connection to public networks, and the wider symbolic inclusion this entails. through examining the issue of infrastructural stigma in cities and urban territories across the global north and global south, as well as the places in between, the nine articles in this special issue pay attention to the global relationalities of infrastructural stigma. ultimately, our focus on the infrastructural origins of stigma draws attention to the structural causes of urban inequality � a reality which is often occluded by both stigma itself and by prevalent academic approaches to understanding it.
2. title: navigating stigma through everyday city-making: gendered trajectories, politics and outcomes in the periphery of lima
authors: adriana allen
abstract: over the last two decades, a growing body of scholars from the fields of psychology, sociology, law and public health have devoted their attention to examining how and why stigma operates as a form of discrimination, paying particular attention to ethno-racially stigmatised groups. however, less attention has focused on how ordinary women and men engaged in peripheral urbanisation processes are stigmatised through multiple material, social and political mechanisms and with a myriad of outcomes. building on this literature, and drawing on the trajectories of a man and a woman living in the periphery of metropolitan lima, i explore how stigmatisation shapes the daily lives of poor and impoverished citizens as they try to find a place in the city, and how and why their everyday practices contribute, or not, to the transformation of stigma traps. i argue that the everyday city-making practices of the �unsheltered� are inextricably linked to the politics of bare citizenship. as those stigmatised become individualised, isolated and undermined, they also are deprived of being part of a collective experience, and are deeply challenged to reclaim their agency as entitled citizens. the wider the range of stigmatisation mechanisms at work, the more difficult it is for those subjected to stigma to counteract them, as they become disadvantaged in a broad range of domains: from social relations, to tenure security, access to services and infrastructure, livelihood opportunities, and psychological and physical wellbeing. i further contend that a deep examination of the material world � the dwelling, the neighbourhood and the city � and of the practices and imaginaries that produce this material world, opens a window into the micro-politics of how stigma is negotiated, apportioned and resisted in the everyday lives of those who are politically and materially unsheltered.
3. title: coloniality and the political economy of gender: edgework in ju�rez city
authors: jennie gamlin
abstract: the manner in which urban locations are drawn into the global economy defines their spatial organisation, distribution and utilisation. the relationships that are generated by this process include economic exchanges, racialised dynamics between workers and owners, gendered divisions of labour and the use and abuse of natural resources and infrastructure. these encounters of globalisation are often unequal or awkward and mediated by varying forms of violence, from structural to interpersonal, as these are used to rebalance the terms on which they meet. using coloniality as an analytical tool, this article discusses the delicate balance of these western-led encounters. globalisation has become colonial by embedding hierarchical relationships in the foundations of the modern political economy. gender identities, whiteness and non-whiteness, developed and underdeveloped are continually redefined, stigmatising certain groups and locations while elevating others on the basis of colonial power dynamics. through a case study of the us�mexico border city of ju�rez, this article examines ethnographic work in its global context to explore how shame has become attached to male identities in locations of urban marginality. theorising around the coloniality of urban space production, i discuss how ju�rez�s border location has shaped its development though gendered and racialised frictions that are kept in check with violence. a coloniality perspective enables the unpicking of dominant conceptions of industrial cities in the global south as metonyms for underdevelopment. using the concept of edgework, i draw out how violence oils the wheels of globalisation to renegotiate damaged identities in contexts of territorial stigma.
4. title: checkpoint urbanism: violent infrastructures and border stigmas in the ju�rez border region
authors: ricardo mart�n, camillo boano
abstract: as popitz (2017) argues, violence is one component of the great economy of world history, an option permanently open to human activity. in ciudad ju�rez, right at the border between the united states and mexico, this notion explains the fundamental incongruity that characterises the region: a booming industrial productive model operating in parallel with an international crime and violence hotspot that is also a coveted criminal passageway. this paper will argue that official and criminal checkpoints designed for border-crossing, have had a transformative spatial role when considered across the dimensions of infrastructure and stigma, triggering a material/symbolic tension. we argue that their location and accessibility determine the exposure of nearby communities to economic growth but also violent entrepreneurship � the illegal crossing of goods and people still remains a constant characteristic of the region, not only as part of a criminal enterprise but as a viable livelihood. the ways in which the region of ju�rez develops and grows also determines how trafficking and illegal practices are established; rules and regulations that provide territorial parameters for what is open and transparent are equally referential to what is clandestine and devious. the tensions brought by the border�s geopolitical value have amplified the value of infrastructure and its practical ownership. the international border operates as a line that is barrier, social divider, landmark, policy-bridge, filtering mechanism and trafficking obstacle. under this permanent state of tension, the checkpoints provide a physical structure to the transit flows and a sovereign interruption. across this urbanism, the checkpoint surroundings acquire a magnetic significance, due to the resulting transit dynamics and the surveillance deterrents at the core of their function. furthermore, their dual nature � official and criminal � has branded the region as a criminal outpost, stigmatising the people inhabiting it, and perpetuating the idea that ju�rez is defined by its violent infrastructures.
5. title: �your daily reality is rubbish�: waste as a means of urban exclusion in the suspended spaces of east jerusalem
authors: hanna baumann, manal massalha
abstract: drawing on ethnographic and visual research, this article examines the role of waste in two areas of occupied east jerusalem cut off from the city by the separation wall and military checkpoints, kufr aqab and shuafat refugee camp as well as their immediate surroundings. in asking how urban exclusion operates on the margins of the city, we argue that rubbish can disclose broader socio-spatial relations at work in jerusalem from the ground up. we find that waste serves to reduce the ambiguity at work in these interstitial zones by furthering exclusion � it operates through the urban everyday where the legal and political situations are in suspension. conceptually, we contribute to the discussion on spatial stigma associated with infrastructural violence by arguing for a multi-layered understanding of the way waste �works� in urban exclusion. three registers mutually constitute each other in this process: the materiality of waste with its embodied and affective interactions, the symbolic and discursive violence associated with waste, as well as spatialised stigma and bordering processes.
6. title: beyond �causes of causes�: health, stigma and the settler colonial urban territory in the negev/naqab
authors: haim yacobi, elya lucy milner
abstract: this article critically analyses and theoretically conceptualises the links between settler colonialism, planning and health. based on the case of the bedouin community in the negev/naqab, we argue that the production of settler colonial space has a profound impact on health, and should therefore be referred to as a specific category for analysing health disparities, simultaneously entangling territorial control and biopolitics towards indigenous communities. furthermore, we suggest that this relationship between space and health constructs stigma that justifies and facilitates � in turn � the ongoing territorial control over the indigenous bedouin population in israel. by reviewing existing data on health and planning, especially in relation to infrastructure and access to services, we contribute to the growing literature on the nexus of settler-colonialism/health with urban and regional planning. importantly, throughout this paper we refer to the bedouin localities as part of the production of urban territory, illuminating the urban as a multidimensional process of political struggle, including the metropolin informal fringes.
7. title: making and unmaking masculinities in cairo through sonic infrastructural violence
authors: maria frederika malmstr�m
abstract: this article explores the egyptian state�s production of desired manhood and destruction of unwanted masculinities in relation to home and displacement through audio-focused analysis and a focus on sonic infrastructures. while sonic infrastructures can be used as a form of political control and violence, my work in egypt also shows how people, through sound and sonic resistance, navigate and shape sonic landscapes of insecurity, violence and liminality, as well as resisting displacement and claiming space. in cairo, where political unrest over the past decade has produced new imaginaries and maps of belonging, men opposing the politics of the current regime have been expelled by the state from their own city; deprived of rights, safety, status and dignity. the institutions of state power employ sound as a political representation, and control, monitor, limit as well as threaten the population through the sonic. all of these sound systems operate at auditory, corporeal and sociocultural frequencies. there are countless examples of how materialised sonic experiences are consciously constructed and used by the autocratic military regime in egypt to discipline and �produce� its subjects, through for example forbidding particular music; monitoring its residents and thereby employing control by listening; using unbearable loud sounds during torture; or closing downtown bars, cafes and bookshops and thereby sonically controlling and limiting parts of the cityscape of cairo. these sonic materialised experiences are connected to how gendered bodies are excluded, un/remade, produced, expressed and negotiated.
8. title: accessing heat: environmental stigma and �porous� infrastructural configurations in ulaanbaatar
authors: rebekah plueckhahn
abstract: this article explores the experience of living among diverse infrastructural configurations in ulaanbaatar, mongolia, and forms of stigmatisation that arise as a result. in this capital city that experiences extremely cold winters, the provision of heat is a seasonal necessity. following a history of socialist-era, centrally provided heating, ulaanbaatar is now made up of a core area of apartments and other buildings undergoing increased expansion, surrounded by vast areas of fenced land plots (ger districts) not connected to centrally provided heating. in these areas, residents have historically heated their homes through burning coal, a technique that has resulted in seasonal air pollution. expanding out from wacquant�s definition of territorial stigmatisation, this article discusses the links between heat generation, air pollution and environmental stigmatisation arising from residents� association with or proximity to the effects of heat generation and/or infrastructural lack. this type of stigma complexifies the normative divide between the city�s two main built areas. residents� attempts to mitigate forms of building and infrastructural �quality� or chanar (in mongolian) form ways of negotiating their position as they seek different kinds of property. here, not only are bodies vulnerable to forms of pollution (both air and otherwise), but also buildings and infrastructure are vulnerable to disrepair. residents� assessments of infrastructural and building quality move beyond any categorisation of them being a clear �resistance� to deteriorating infrastructural conditions. instead, an ethnographic lens that positions the viewpoint of the city through these residential experiences reveals a reconceptualisation of the city that challenges infrastructurally determined normative assumptions.
9. title: transbordering assemblages: power, agency and autonomy (re)producing health infrastructures in the south east of england
authors: carlos moreno-leguizamon, marcela tovar-restrepo
abstract: this paper discusses how intersecting identities, stigma and health-based infrastructures are spatially affiliated and territorialised in the south east of england through the findings of three research projects aimed at understanding health inequalities among urban black, asian and ethnic minorities including gypsies and travellers (bame and gt) groups. it problematises wacquant�s approach to territorial stigma by explaining how butler�s notion of vulnerability and castoriadis� notion of autonomous agency help to expand our understanding of the interplay between stigma and health infrastructures. moreover, it suggests that such interplay requires an intersectional approach to identity as performative and embodied practice using illustrative examples. we propose that these health settings and infrastructures can be characterised as �transbordering assemblages�, following iraz�bal who describes its embedded notions of pluri-locality (here and there: �[t]here�), pluri-identity and practices of bordering (being in or out/in and out/in between) when experiencing health needs.
10. title: �fountain�, from victorian necessity to modern inconvenience: contesting the death of public toilets
authors: catalina pollak williamson
abstract: drawing on the politicised history of public conveniences in england since the 19th century, this paper traces the socio-political motives for their provision and for their gradual withdrawal in recent decades. it discusses the effects these developments have had on public mobility, and the socio-political complexity these infrastructures pose to city-making agendas. in particular, the essay highlights the notions of stigma associated with these spaces in relation to gender, body-politics and control, which led to a lack of political interest in their provision and a pattern of closures that began in the thatcher era and has continued through later times of economic austerity. to unfold these arguments, the essay examines a series of initiatives put forward to reclaim for public use a derelict toilet in the centre of london: from the concept of an interactive site-specific intervention to raise awareness of its closure, to a campaign for its listing as an asset of community value, to contest its privatisation. this case study is used to address the spatial stigma that public toilets carry as a contested locus of public sanitation and, furthermore, to highlight important questions surrounding their provision in the context of contemporary citizen-driven urban agendas. to articulate this argument, the case study exemplifies how critical spatial practices can operate as a form of pedagogical urban praxis for awareness-raising and citizen engagement, advancing a lefebvrian �right to the city� against hegemonic neoliberal agendas.
11. title: afterword: citizenship and the politics of (im)material stigma and infrastructure
authors: charlotte lemanski
abstract: this afterword to the urban vulnerabilities: infrastructure, health and stigma special issue highlights two cross-cutting themes that are addressed by all the articles in the issue, and that have the potential to make a significant contribution to debates within urban studies. first, i reflect on how the articles reveal the inseparable connections between infrastructure and stigma, demonstrating both as political and material processes that are inter-dependent and mutually constitutive. consequently, it is urgent to bridge disciplinary siloes in bringing these scholarly debates into deeper conversation in ways that recognise the materiality of stigma and the politicisation of infrastructure (and vice versa). second, to a greater and lesser extent, the articles all reveal the centrality of citizenship to the capacity of both urban dwellers and the state to negotiate and/or restrict access to infrastructure, and to perpetuate and/or challenge the impacts of stigma. while the connections between infrastructure and citizenship are explored in my recent work on infrastructural citizenship, the articles in this collection demonstrate the importance of temporality and scale in understanding how citizens negotiate their material and political rights.
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