-凯发k8游戏
��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�9(bjbj�n�n2.��a��a��
�������""������������8���4��ul����� u
u
u
u
u
u
u$dw�z<1u�� 1u����4�ui!i!i! 2���� ui! ui!i!i!�����p])p������o @i!�t�u0�ui!vz� fvzi!i!�/vz�gq� i! 1u1u� � �u ��������������������������������������������������������������������vz "q s: global environmental change
volume 82, issue 5, september 2023
1. title: rising carbon inequality and its driving factors from 2005 to 2015
authors: heran zheng, richard wood, daniel moran, kuishuang feng, ... edgar g. hertwich
abstract: carbon inequality is the gap in carbon footprints between the rich and the poor, reflecting an uneven distribution of wealth and mitigation responsibility. whilst much is known about the level of inequality surrounding responsibility for greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions, little is known about the evolution in carbon inequality and how the carbon footprints of socio-economic groups have developed over time. inequality can be reduced either by improving the living standards of the poor or by reducing the overconsumption of the rich, but the choice has very different implications for climate change mitigation. here, we investigate the carbon footprints of income quintile groups for major 43 economies from 2005 to 2015. we find that most developed economies had declining carbon footprints but expanding carbon inequality, whereas most developing economies had rising footprints but divergent trends in carbon inequality. the top income group in developing economies grew fastest, with its carbon footprint surpassing the top group in developed economies in 2014. developments are driven by a reduction in ghg intensity in all regions, which is partly offset by income growth in developed countries but more than offset by the rapid growth in selected emerging economies. the top income group in developed economies has achieved the least progress in climate change mitigation, in terms of decline rate, showing resistance of the rich. it shows mitigation efforts could raise carbon inequality. we highlight the necessity of raising the living standard of the poor and consistent mitigation effort is the core of achieving two targets.
2. title: overlapping land rights and deforestation in uganda: 20 years of evidence
authors: sarah walker, jennifer alix-garcia, anne bartlett, jamon van den hoek, ... rosemary isoto
abstract: the majority of the world�s land is held in customary tenure systems, often with overlapping claims. designing effective policy to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation requires understanding land management choices within these systems. using a nation-wide random sample of over 300,000 hectares of forested land in uganda from 2000 to 2019, we examine how deforestation trends across a system of overlapping rights, known as mailo land tenure, change in response to legal amendments intended to increase land tenure security. graphical analysis reveals that mailo land has always had higher deforestation rates, compared to private and customary land, which increased relative to other tenure systems beginning in 2010 when a law was passed to protect tenants on mailo land. statistical analysis controlling for spatial and time effects shows that prior to 2010, trends across tenure systems were similar. after 2010, deforestation increased significantly on land with overlapping rights and then began to decrease after 2017 relative to rates on customary or fully privatized land. we hypothesize that the uptick in deforestation resulted from unintended, increased uncertainty generated by the 2010 law, which changed owner/tenant relations on land with overlapping rights. the decrease in deforestation rates after 2017 was consistent with increased tenure security from an acceleration in the uptake of permanent certificates of occupancy. these findings demonstrate that outcomes under systems of overlapping rights can be destabilized by well-intentioned reform, and that securing tenant rights can reduce deforestation.
3. title: does stakeholder participation improve environmental governance? evidence from a meta-analysis of 305 case studies
authors: jens newig, nicolas w. jager, edward challies, elisa kochsk�mper
abstract: participation and collaboration of citizens and organized stakeholders in public decision-making is widely believed to improve environmental governance outputs. however, empirical evidence on the benefits of participatory governance is largely scattered across small-n case studies. to synthesize the available case-based evidence, we conducted a broad case-based meta-analysis across 22 western democracies, including 305 individual cases of public environmental decision-making. we asked: how do �more� participatory decision-making processes compare against �less� participatory ones in fostering � or hindering � strong environmental governance outputs, (i.e. environmental provisions in plans, agreements or permits)? which design features make a difference? what role does the decision-making context play? how do results change if we control for the intentions of the leading governmental agency? to capture the central design features of decision-making processes, we distinguish three dimensions of participation: the intensity of communication among participants and process organizers; the extent to which participants can shape decisions (�power delegation�); and the extent to which different stakeholder groups are represented. our regression analysis yields robust evidence that these three design features of participation impact upon the environmental standard of governance outputs, even when controlling for the goals of governmental agencies. power delegation is shown to be the most stable predictor of strong environmental outputs. however, communication intensity only predicts the conservation-related standard of outputs, but not the environmental health-related standard of outputs. participants� environmental stance was another strong predictor, with considerable variation across different contexts. while our results remain broadly stable across a wide range of contexts, certain contextual conditions stood out in shaping the relation between participation and environmental outputs. overall, our findings can inform the design of participatory processes that deliver governance outputs of a high environmental standard.
4. title: climate change, water availability, and the burden of rural women�s triple role in muyuka, cameroon
authors: lotsmart fonjong, regina ndip zama
abstract: many rural communities in cameroon rely on natural sources of water (rivers, springs, and rainfall) for agriculture and domestic use. access to and reliability of water from these sources depend on changes in rainfall and temperatures. household roles in cameroon are traditionally defined along gender lines, with women playing key roles in food production, home management, and caregiving. water is indispensable for women to successfully accomplish these roles. climate variability is affecting reliability of water in cameroon; however, impacts are not the same for men and women in rural communities. this paper examines how climate-induced water challenges adversely affect women�s ability to perform their multiple roles in a predominantly farming community in southwest cameroon. data collected by survey from a hundred women, supplemented by interviews with local water and agricultural technicians, suggest that climate change has contributed to the disappearance of several water sources and decreased volume of others. this hampers local water availability, compromises women�s productivity, and increases the burden on women�s triple roles as farmers, caregivers, and home managers. although individual women are implementing some adaptation strategies, comprehensive public policy measures, including promotion of better land use management and gender-sensitive technologies, are vital to sustain efforts against climate change in cameroon.
5. title: zimbabwe�s roadmap for decarbonisation and resilience: an evaluation of policy (in)consistency
authors: emmerson chivhenge, aaron mabaso, taona museva, godwin k. zingi, proceed manatsa
abstract: zimbabwe intends to build resilience mechanisms against climate change while at the same time ensuring sustainable development in recognition of its climate change vulnerability and national circumstances, in line with the demands of the paris agreement of reducing emissions by 2030. the study examined the consistency of government policies in reducing emissions by 1278ggco2 by 2030. the study reviewed government policies and environmental projects intended at reducing carbon emissions. the results indicated that, on paper, the government has promising targets; but in reality, there are inconsistencies indicating the release of more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. the inconsistencies include the commissioned hwange thermal power station and fossil fuel-powered locomotives. the study found that there is strategic coherence between policy objectives, aimed at building resilient and low-carbon human settlement, and objectives of international policies such as the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, paris agreement and sendai framework. the compulsory mixing of petrol and ethanol and the introduction of electric cars in the transportation sector demonstrated the limited but commendable efforts by the government in embracing renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions. the study established that poor policy implementation and lack of policy harmonisation have led to the failure of the zimbabwean government to have policy consistency in terms of the decarbonisation roadmap resulting in policy conflicts and contradictions. an example of policy duplication is in, the environmental management act and forestry act which can have sections dealing with climate change harmonised into the climate change policy. the study recommends that the government establishes a national climate financing mechanism for cleaner technologies and practices to reduce emissions by 2030.
6. title: does air pollution decrease labor share? evidence from china
authors: tao zhou, ning zhang
abstract: labor share is one of the most significant indicators for income distribution and social inequality. many studies have documented its decline and provided explanations from various aspects in recent years. this study explores labor share decline through the lens of air pollution, which has been ignored in the literature. with the two-stage least square (2sls) regression while using thermal inversion as an instrumental variable, we identify air pollution s impact on firm-level labor share. the results show an increase of 1 �g/m3 pm2.5 concentration leads to a 0.17 percentage point decrease in firms labor share. we test two possible channels through which air pollution could influence labor share. the decreases in firms labor and production productivity, and average wage are the main channels from the intensive margin. for extensive margin, we mainly focus on the impact on employees, and capital usage and identify its different effects across different technology firms. we find no significant effects on capital usage. meanwhile, low-tech firms hire more employment to offset production loss due to air pollution, whereas there is no significant effect on employment change in high-tech firms. for heterogeneity, the impact is larger for private firms, firms with lower education-level employees, firms without labor unions, and labor-intensive industries. our results suggest that raising public awareness of air pollution could have contributed to reducing health damage and social inequality.
7. title: place-based solutions for global social-ecological dilemmas: an analysis of locally grounded, diversified, and cross-scalar initiatives in the amazon
authors: marina londres, carl salk, krister p. andersson, maria teng�, ... daiana c.m. tourne
abstract: the amazon has a diverse array of social and environmental initiatives that adopt forest-based land-use practices to promote rural development and support local livelihoods. however, they are often insufficiently recognized as transformative pathways to sustainability and the factors that explain their success remain understudied. to address this gap, this paper proposes that local initiatives that pursue three particular pathways are more likely to generate improvements in social-ecological outcomes: (1) maintaining close connections with local grassroots, (2) pursuing diversity in productive activities performed and partnership choices, and (3) developing cross-scale collaborations. to test these ideas we collected and analyzed observations of 157 initiatives in brazil and peru, applying a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses. our results show that initiatives maintaining groundedness in representing the interests and concerns of local actors while partnering with other organizations at multiple scales are more likely to develop joint solutions to social-ecological problems. partnerships and support from external organizations may strengthen and enhance local capabilities, providing a platform for negotiating interests and finding common ground. such diversified pathways demonstrate the power of local actors to transcend their own territories and have broader impacts in sustainability objectives. our findings highlight the need to make governmental and non-governmental support (e.g., financial, technical, political) available according to local needs to enable local initiatives� own ways of addressing global environmental change.
8. title: moral power of youth activists � transforming international climate politics?
authors: nicole nisbett, viktoria spaiser
abstract: youth climate activists are important norm entrepreneurs as humanity is increasingly awakening to the realities of accelerating climate change. they push for seeing climate change not merely through cost-benefit analysis frames but through frames of multiple climate justices. but how successful have these activists been in shifting perspectives in the context of international climate politics? this paper aims to investigate (1) to what extent the normative framework advanced by this movement is increasingly penetrating the international public climate debate, changing arguments, priorities, and frames around the annual unfccc cop conferences and (2) the key actors pushing for normative change. using a unique and comprehensive twitter dataset for the period between 2014 and 2021 revolving around the annual unfccc cop conferences and major youth climate protest events we combine various computational methods, including transformers-based topic modelling and social network analysis in this study. we find that indeed the normative framework advanced by the movement has successfully penetrated the discourse around unfccc and that youth climate activists were able gain support from central actors outside the movement, which is further contributing to the diffusion of their normative framework. we conclude that while these results demonstrate the moral power of youth climate activists, more research is needed to understand the influence on the actual negotiations outcomes.
9. title: a flexible framework for cost-effective fire management
authors: hamish clarke, brett cirulis, nicolas borchers-arriagada, michael storey, ... trent penman
abstract: fire management aims to change fire regimes. however, the challenge is to provide the optimal balance between the mitigation of risks to life and property, while ensuring a healthy environment and the protection of other key values in any given landscape. incorporating cost-effectiveness and climate change impacts magnifies this task. we present an objective framework for quantitative comparison of the risk mitigation potential of alternative fuel treatment scenarios in south-eastern australia. there is no single optimal strategy for all values in a given region, nor for any individual value in all regions. trade-offs are required and cost-effectiveness is highly sensitive to the addition of management values. climate change is likely to decrease prescribed burning effectiveness and increase total costs, therefore a rethink of best practice is required. our study highlights the need for flexibility in the development and implementation of fire management strategies, which is something that risk-based approaches can provide. we discuss prospects of extending our framework to values for which we currently lack robust quantitative information and issues of compatibility with aboriginal cultural burning and by implication other approaches that do not stem from within the prevailing fire management paradigm.
10. title: social norms and littering � the role of personal responsibility and place attachment at a pakistani beach
authors: abdul haseeb chaudhary, michael jay polonsky, nicholas mcclaren
abstract: this research has applied an integrated norms model using place attachment, anti-littering descriptive and injunctive norms, and anti-littering personal norms to assess anti-littering behavioral intentions in a developing country. the research uses place attachment as a moderating factor to understand the influence of social norms on anti-littering behavioral intentions which has not previously been explored in detail. after a pre-test to validate scales, a survey was conducted among visitors at a beach in pakistan. this main survey was performed among a sample of 634 respondents to assess direct, mediated, and conditional indirect effect relationships using structural equation modelling and process model 7. place attachment was found to strengthen the effect of descriptive norms. the influence of both social norms (i.e., descriptive and injunctive) on anti-littering behavior was only consistent when mediated by personal norms, suggesting the importance of individuals� own responsibility. thus, it appears that role of both place attachment and personal norms are vital in discouraging littering. this perspective has important implications because littering in public places such as beaches has been determined as a substantial environmental problem requiring solutions focused on individuals.
11. title: the production-protection nexus: how political-economic processes influence prospects for transformative change in human-wildlife interactions
authors: robert fletcher, kate massarella, katia m.p.m.b. ferraz, wilhelm a. kiwango, ... alex mcinturff
abstract: this article advances a novel analytical framework for investigating the influence of political-economic processes in human-wildlife interactions (hwi) to support efforts to transform wildlife conservation governance. to date, the majority of research and advocacy addressing hwi focuses on micro-level processes, while even the small body of existing literature exploring social dimensions of such interactions has largely neglected attention to political-economic forces. this is consonant with efforts to transform conservation policy and practice more broadly, which tend to emphasize �circular� change within current political-economic structures rather than �axial� transformation aiming to transcend these structures themselves. our analysis thus advances understanding of potential for axial transformation in hwi via confrontation with, and �unmaking� of, constraining political-economic structures. it does so through cross-site analysis of conservation policy and practice in relation to three apex predator species (lions, jaguars and wolves) in varied geographic and socio-political contexts, grounded in qualitative ethnographic study within the different sites by members of an international research team. we explore how the relative power of different political-economic interests within each case influences how the animals are perceived and valued, and how this in turn influences conservation interventions and their impact on hwi within these spaces. we term this analysis of the �production-protection nexus� (the interrelation between process of resource extraction and conservation, respectively) in rural landscapes. we emphasize importance of attention to this formative nexus both within and across specific locales in growing global efforts to transform situations of human-wildlife conflict into less contentious coexistence.
12. title: knowledge co-production for decision-making in human-natural systems under uncertainty
authors: enayat a. moallemi, fateme zare, aniek hebinck, katrina szetey, ... brett a. bryan
abstract: decision-making under uncertainty is important for managing human-natural systems in a changing world. a major source of uncertainty is linked to the multi-actor settings of decisions with poorly understood values, complex relationships, and conflicting management approaches. despite general agreement across disciplines on co-producing knowledge for viable and inclusive outcomes in a multi-actor context, there is still limited conceptual clarity and no systematic understanding on what co-production means in decision-making under uncertainty and how it can be approached. here, we use content analysis and clustering to systematically analyse 50 decision-making cases with multiple time and spatial scales across 26 countries and in 9 different sectors in the last decade to serve two aims. the first is to synthesise the key recurring strategies that underpin high quality decision co-production across many cases of diverse features. the second is to identify important deficits and opportunities to leverage existing strategies towards flourishing co-production in support of decision-making. we find that four general strategies emerge centred around: promoting innovation for robust and equitable decisions; broadening the span of co-production across interacting systems; fostering social learning and inclusive participation; and improving pathways to impact. additionally, five key areas that should be addressed to improve decision co-production are identified in relation to: participation diversity; collaborative action; power relationships; governance inclusivity; and transformative change. characterising the emergent strategies and their key areas for improvement can help guide future works towards more pluralistic and integrated science and practice.
13. title: the lifeways of small-scale gold miners: addressing sustainability transformations
authors: eleanor fisher, marjo de theije, carlos h.x. araujo, jorge calvimontes, ... ronald twongyirwe
abstract: small-scale gold mining sustains millions of people�s lives and yet it stimulates environmental harms and social conflicts. global environmental crises drive calls for fundamental change to how people live on the planet. for small-scale gold mining, this raises questions about whether current dynamics can provide a basis for sustainability transformations. proposing the notion of gold lifeways to focus on the lived experience of mining and gold resources as relational phenomena, we ask what sustainability looks like from different miners� perspectives and probe the practice dynamics of current transformation. our methodology is social science-led and transdisciplinary. from multi-sited and trans-regional research between south america and africa, we draw cases from suriname, guinea conakry, and uganda. our study finds that gold lifeways give expression to different strands of sustainability: sustaining everyday life in mining; discourses framing mining practices; and government repression of mining. hence, as our empirical data demonstrates, miner perspectives on sustainability gain content not in isolation, but as part of gold lifeways embedded within different contexts and shaped by societal dynamics. ultimately, the transformative potency of small-scale gold mining is located in personal lives and precarious dynamics rather than glittering promises of a sustainable future.
14. title: comparative analysis of local adaptation processes in the future across peri-urban india to support transformations to sustainability
authors: sharlene l. gomes, leon m. hermans, shreya chakraborty, sarah luft, ... partha sarathi banerjee
abstract: peri-urban transformations in emerging economies like india demand scientific attention given their impact on global environmental change processes. some studies examine past or ongoing peri-urban adaptation processes, but insight into future adaptation needs and aspirations of peri-urban communities is lacking. also, it is unknown how the high degree of informality that characterizes peri-urban areas, interacts with formal institutions to shape or enable more sustainable adaptation pathways. this study addresses these scientific gaps, using an existing typology of adaptation processes to investigate plausible future adaptation pathways in three peri-urban villages in india, near pune, hyderabad, and kolkata cities. on-site field research followed by a delphi-study were used to develop normative adaptation pathways for livelihood and household water use with local actors. the pathways represent development trajectories and adaptation strategies over the next 15 years in the livelihood and household water sectors. pathways data was thereafter analyzed and compared in terms of drivers of vulnerability and opportunity, adaptation processes, and formal and informal institutions. our ex-ante study identifies general and context specific drivers of vulnerability and opportunity shaping different peri-urban transformations. results reveal similarities in future drivers, whose impact on peri-urban livelihoods and household water is context dependent. this comparative analysis contributes a deeper understanding of future adaptation needs by highlighting patterns in locally preferred adaptation processes for different drivers and water-use sectors. this normative understanding reveals preferences of local communities who are otherwise marginalized from decision-making arenas. a combination of adaptation processes will be needed to respond to the various drivers, only some of which are achievable through informal institutions. formal government intervention will be essential for stimulating innovation, intensification, and revitalization forms of adaptation. institutional adjustments will be key to shaping local agency and future adaptive capacity away from a business-as-usual trajectory.
15. title: designing a virtuous cycle: quality of governance, effective climate change mitigation, and just outcomes support each other
authors: felix creutzig, frank goetzke, anjali ramakrishnan, marina andrijevic, patricia perkins
abstract: climate change mitigation is mostly assessed through the lens of technologies and policy instruments. however, governance and social capital are crucial factors in complex social systems and may be relevant in the formation of effective climate policies. here, we investigate the role of quality of governance (qog), social capital, and equality as preconditions for enacting climate policies. relying on indicators of social systems at nation state level, we investigate relationships with qualitative comparative analysis (qca) and structural equation models (sem). we find that quality of governance, measured as impartiality, underpins social capital and interpersonal trust, equality and effective climate mitigation policies, indicated by the level of carbon pricing. impartiality and social capital are necessary conditions for climate policies. socio-economic inequalities reduce trust and political engagement, and thus compromise the overarching goal of climate change mitigation. evidence from complementary literature indicates that fairly implemented climate policies could foster a virtuous cycle that further improves quality of governance, and thus the capacity for implementing strong climate policies. our results demonstrate that impartial governance and resulting social capital form the underpinnings of effective climate policies.
16. title: collaboration and individual performance during disaster response
authors: a.m. guerrero, �. bodin, d. nohrstedt, r. plummer, ... r. summers
abstract: disasters occurring in the wake of extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and severity due to climate and anthropogenic changes and require urgent responses under uncertain and dynamic conditions. in these situations, multi-agency collaboration becomes integral to an effective response due to the need to coordinate actions across geographical scales, levels of authority and sectors of society. consequently there is a need for more knowledge on how to enhance the effectiveness of collaborations in response to disasters. in this study we utilize extremely rare and comprehensive data on multi-stakeholder collaboration during the acute phase of two catastrophic wildfires to investigate performance in relation to four collaboration challenges: sharing information, conflict resolution, reaching agreement i.e. mutual understanding and commitment, on goals and working-methods, and coordinating activities. our results suggest that agreement between collaborating actors is more important to individual performance than the coordination of activities, and that it is only when agreement exists that the ability to coordinate activities becomes highly important. this study allows, for the first time, insights into the detailed nuances of collaboration among individuals during rapidly evolving disaster situations. importantly, our analysis suggests that focusing on enhancing agreement in the wake of disasters�and not only on improving coordination�could reduce the devastating effects that disasters have on people and ecosystems.
17. title: eating, heating or taking the bus? lived experiences at the intersection of energy and transport poverty
authors: mari martiskainen, debbie hopkins, gerardo a. torres contreras, kirsten e.h. jenkins, ... max lacey-barnacle
abstract: experiences of poverty can manifest in multiple aspects of everyday life, often in interlinking ways. one example is �double energy vulnerability�, where a household faces both energy poverty and transport poverty simultaneously. this can result in trade-offs, where prioritising one essential need (e.g., transport) makes accessing another impossible (e.g., heating). such decisions are not easily made, and they can have distinct spatio-temporal characteristics. they can vary between space and time and across different household members, and result in stark inter- as well as intra-household differences. people with socio-demographic and contextual vulnerabilities are particularly at risk of experiencing double energy vulnerability. based on 59 household interviews across the four nations of the united kingdom, we provide novel, multi-nation empirical evidence on the lived experiences of double energy vulnerability, drawing on our themes; �being locked into infrastructure�, �facing high costs and low incomes�, �choosing between energy and transport�, and �missing out�. a cross-national lived-experiences approach sheds light on double energy vulnerability as a relational, contingent and ongoing phenomena, attending to everyday experiences and capacities. we provide suggestions for further research, such as further study of double energy vulnerability amongst refugees and migrants. we also highlight that the study of lived experiences can aid the recognition of how different forms of poverty intersect and how they need to be taken into account in the design of net zero policies.
18. title: adaptation at whose expense? explicating the maladaptive potential of water storage and climate-resilient growth for mori women in northern aotearoa
authors: danielle johnson, meg parsons, karen fisher
abstract: drawing on ethnographic research with indigenous mori women in northern aotearoa (new zealand) we challenge the presumed benefits of neoliberal, infrastructural-focussed climate adaptation, and advocate for far greater engagement with multiple subjectivities and intersecting inequalities in the design of climate adaptation in global north, settler colonial contexts. focussing on a government-led water storage project that aims to enhance local communities� economic wellbeing through climate-adapted horticulture, we demonstrate how interlinked forms of marginalisation and privilege mediate the distribution of benefits from climate adaptation and decrease rather than increase wellbeing for multiply marginalised subjectivities. combining the concept of racial capitalism with intersectionality we advance a novel theoretical framework to advance insights about more equitable and nuanced adaptation in an under-researched, settler colonial context. using this framework, we explore the maladaptive potential of the water project which grows regional economic resilience through violent climate-related alterations to low-income, single and/or older mori women s bodies. we demonstrate how settler colonial legacies, structures, and intergenerational traumas are lived through and collide with intersecting racial, class, gender, and age-based disadvantages, that together mediate local labour relations and decision-making processes that ultimately exacerbate climate vulnerability for particular groups of mori women in the region.
19. title: dialogic data innovations for sustainability transformations and flood resilience: the case for waterproofing data
authors: jo�o porto de albuquerque, liana anderson, nerea calvillo, massimo cattino, ... rachel trajber
abstract: extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and have increasing impacts, which disproportionately affect marginalised and impoverished communities. this article proposes and assesses a new methodological approach for developing innovative solutions based on urban data analytics to address sustainability challenges in light of changing climate conditions. the approach draws inspiration from paulo freire's dialogic pedagogy and has been implemented in the international transdisciplinary project �waterproofing data�, with multiple study sites in brazil. the project has introduced three methodological interventions: making data practices visible, engaging citizens and communities with data, and sharing data stories. our study demonstrates that these methods have expanded the types of data used in flood risk management and have engaged a wider range of social groups in the generation, circulation, and utilization of data. we present a framework that provides guidance about the ways in which data innovations can contribute to transformative change, aiming to ensure that future development trajectories are just, inclusive, and equitable. the findings provide evidence that our approach not only helps fill existing data gaps and promote more equitable flood risk governance but also democratises decision-making in climate adaptation. citizens were empowered to take proactive measures to improve resilience to disaster risks, thereby saving lives and safeguarding livelihoods.
20. title: typologies of actionable climate information and its use
authors: kripa jagannathan, smitha buddhavarapu, paul a ullrich, andrew d jones, the hyperfacets project team
abstract: developing actionable climate information and integrating it into decision-making are two crucial elements for promoting effective societal responses to climate change. however, what constitutes actionable climate information, and how it is used, varies based on the actors, systems, and scales that are relevant to specific decisions. yet, the terms �actionable climate information� or �use of climate information� are used abstractly. there is a lack of holistic understanding of the various types of information that can be deemed as usable by different users, and the different ways in which they may be used in decision-making. typologies or generalizable categorizations can help both knowledge producers and users to better envision the entire landscape of climate information and its uses and can help to reduce the time and cost of actionable knowledge production. through systematic coding and analysis of <" 4 years of co-production engagements between climate scientists and resource managers, this paper presents empirically derived typologies of actionable climate information and its use, and explores whether certain uses are better informed by specific types of climate information. these typologies provide a valuable starting point for climate information producers, users, and boundary spanners working on climate-informed resource management, to reduce some of the time-intensive elements of the process.
21. title: climate-smart peatland management and the potential for synergies between food security and climate change objectives in indonesia
authors: massimo lupascu, pierre taillardat, sigit d. sasmito, f. agus, ... david taylor
abstract: tropical peatlands lie at a nexus of competing sustainable development demands of enhancing food security, mitigating climate change, improving resilience and supporting rural livelihoods. meeting united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs) requires balancing these various demands. progress in meeting sdgs has been slow in low to middle income countries because of difficulties in identifying and quantifying the trade offs associated with natural resource exploitation, including on extensive areas of tropical peatlands.
here, by using secondary data from the literature, indonesian and international agencies, we examine how land-use allocation in indonesia has developed over the last three decades by investigating trends of key food and woody crops (oil palm and rubber) and evaluate the role that peatland provinces have played in food security and climate forcing. overall, food crop production has been marginal in peatland provinces compared to monoculture woody crops, with the latter associated with increased carbon emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry (lulucf) over the last thirty years. our analysis shows that synergies between responses to looming food security and climate change crises can also promote less damaging forms of tropical peatland management. for instance, the conversion of degraded shallow peatlands to agroecological practices (e.g., paludiculture) can be promoted. however, we stress that peatland conservation and restoration must remain the top priority. impediments due to lack of a common definition for peatland and planning/management units, the use of multiple sectoral maps by different government agencies and uncoordinated sectoral policy targets can, however, hinder the implementation of less damaging peatland management.
22. title: strong collaborative governance networks support effective forest stewardship council-certified community-based forest management: evidence from southeast tanzania
authors: lasse f. henriksen, kelvin kamnde, pilly silvano, mette f. olwig, ... caleb gallemore
abstract: research on community-based forest management indicates its conservation outcomes depend on local rule enforcement, extraction pressures, and community support. however, many community-based forest management projects, particularly in the global south, also involve collaborative networks of non-state actors such as ngos and private corporations. many of these networks promote sustainability certification under programs like the forest stewardship council. we report on analyses of longitudinal forest cover data constructed using satellite observations alongside inter-organizational collaborative governance network data constructed from archival sources, document analysis, and oral histories to assess how collaborative governance networks shape community-based forestry�s conservation effectiveness in eight villages in kilwa district, tanzania. our findings indicate certified community-based forestry�s impacts on deforestation can depend on the composition and structure of collaborative governance networks. using matched cox proportional hazards models with geographic fixed effects, we find evidence that certified community-based forest management can stem forest loss as effectively as state-led forest management (in the form of national forest reserves). however, the characteristics of collaborative governance networks connecting organizations engaged in forest management in our study villages shape both which areas are selected into certified community-based forest management and villages� overall deforestation rates. specifically, we find that the more each village government�s organizational partners are connected to one another through bonding ties, and the more civil society organizations collaborate with each village government through bridging ties, the lower the village�s deforestation risk. more private sector organizations connected to village governments through bridging ties, however, are associated with higher deforestation risks. our evidence highlights the importance of investments in inter-organizational networks for promoting sustainably certified community-based forest conservation.
23. title: gender dimensions of climate change adaptation in tigray, ethiopia
authors: engdawork assefa, gebremichael gebrehiwot
abstract: the study of the impacts and drivers of climate change adaptation should consider gender (in)equality and women�s participation, as they both play pivotal roles. however, research on gender aspects of climate change adaptation has been limited. this study assesses gender dimensions of adaptation to climate change and determinants of smallholder farmers� adaptation strategies in adwa district, tigray, ethiopia. drawing on household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions carried out in 2017, the study found that climate change had more severe impacts on female-headed households than on male-headed households. this was due to women�s lack of resource access and control, lack of income and technology use, and high dependence on natural resources. major climate change adaptation measures identified in the study area included adjustment of planting dates, crop varieties, water harvesting practices, soil and water conservation, irrigation, seasonal migration, diversifying income sources, and agricultural inputs. rates and extent of adaptation varied by gender. as indicated by multivariate probit analysis, major determinants of farmers� adaptation choices included agro-ecology; gender, age, education, family size, farm size, non-farm income, livestock; access to information, extension services, and credit; and distance to market center. study findings suggest that policymakers should consider differences between female- and male-headed families in their access to land, information, income, extension services, technologies, and other resources. by doing so, climate change adaptation practices may be broadened and sustainable development promoted.
24. title: global change scenarios in coastal river deltas and their sustainable development implications
authors: murray w. scown, frances e. dunn, stefan c. dekker, detlef p. van vuuren, ... hans middelkoop
abstract: deltas play a critical role in the ambition to achieve global sustainable development given their relatively large shares in population and productive croplands, as well as their precarious low-lying position between upstream river basin development and rising seas. the large pressures on these systems risk undermining the persistence of delta societies, economies, and ecosystems. we analyse possible future development in 49 deltas around the globe under the shared socio-economic and representative concentration pathways until 2100. population density, urban fraction, and total and irrigated cropland fraction are three to twelve times greater in these deltas, on average, than in the rest of the world. maximum river water discharges are projected to increase by 11�33 % and river sediment discharges are projected to decrease 26�37 % on average, depending on the scenario. regional sea-level rise reaches almost 1.0 m by 2100 for certain deltas in the worst-case scenario, increasing to almost 2.0 m of relative rise considering land subsidence. extreme sea levels could be much higher still�reaching over 4.0 m by 2100 for six of the 49 deltas analysed. socio-economic conditions to support adaptation are the weakest among deltas with the greatest pressures, compounding the challenge of sustainable development. asian and african deltas stand out as having heightened socio-economic challenges�huge population and land use pressures in most asian deltas and the nile delta; low capacity for adaptation in most african deltas and the irrawaddy delta. although, deltas in other parts of the world are not immune from these and other pressures, either. because of unique pressures and processes operating in deltas, as in other �hotspots� such as small islands, mountains, and semi-arid areas, we recommend greater consideration and conceptualisation of environmental processes in global sustainable development agendas and in the integrated assessment models used to guide global policy.
25. title: the strength and content of climate anger
authors: thea gregersen, gisle andersen, endre tvinnereim
abstract: climate-related anger is present in greta thunberg�s speeches and the acts of extinction rebellion, but also in the rise of movements protesting climate policies, such as the yellow vests. the current study (n = 2,046) gives insight into the content of climate anger among the norwegian public, as well as the relationship between anger and climate change engagement. analyzing responses to the open-ended survey question �what is it about climate change that makes you angry?�, we find that the most common reason was human actions causing climate change. respondents also frequently pointed to responsible agents, especially politicians. controlling for other climate emotions, as well as socio-demographics, anger strength was differentially related to three types of climate change engagement; it was the strongest predictor of self-reported activism, positively related to policy support, but not related to individual mitigation efforts. among those reporting anger, directing it towards human qualities or actions was consistently and positively related to individual behavior, policy support, and activism while referring to responsible agents was not related to either. 'contrarian' anger, reflecting skepticism towards the threat of climate change or dissatisfaction with mitigation measures, constituted 10% of the responses and had a negative effect on all outcomes. overall, we find that both the strength and content of climate anger are relevant for climate change engagement. our findings illustrate the need to avoid simplistic discussions of climate emotions and their motivational potential.
26. title: pathway towards sustainability or motorization? a comparative study of e-bikes in china and the netherlands
authors: qi sun, juanjuan zhao, andreas spahn, geert verbong
abstract: faced with globally pressing sustainability challenges, the e-bike provides a potentially sustainable mobility alternative. yet, a growing consensus among researchers is that the environmental and social impacts of e-bikes are context dependent. previous studies indicate different e-bike pathways in two major e-bike markets. in china, e-bikes seem to be a stepping stone to further motorization. in the netherlands, e-bike use partially substitutes car use, thereby advancing sustainability. however, little is known about why e-bikes serve different pathways. we address this research problem by employing social practice theory to unpack e-bike practices according to three interdependent elements of materials, competences, and meanings. in doing so, we shed light on the more complex and nuanced dynamics in everyday mobility practices around e-bikes. the findings suggest that in china hostile cycling conditions and positive cultural associations of automobility feed to a vicious circle toward car-based motorization. in the netherlands, the e-bike provides a viable option for those locked into car practices. despite these differences, evidence from the two countries indicates that dissatisfactions with elements of car practices may redirect people to e-bike practices. policy needs to direct toward overcoming structural barriers in domains where individuals have limited agency. furthermore, this comparative study illustrates that differentiated focus is needed when applying practice theory. given that the average carbon footprint per capita is lower in the global south than in the global north, the focus should be on maintaining existing sustainable practices in the global south while substituting unsustainable practices in the global north.
27. title: a framework for measuring and modelling low-carbon lifestyles
authors: hazel pettifor, maureen agnew, charlie wilson
abstract: lifestyle is an integral and inevitable feature of transformation pathways consistent with the paris climate agreement and united nations sustainable development goals. studies differentiating lifestyle types, clusters, or segments vary in their focus, purpose, reach, generalizability and availability. universal frameworks are largely proprietary in nature, developed and used by market research companies for targeted communication and behaviour change strategies. there is a need for a more accessible lifestyle typology to promote understanding of lifestyle and its main drivers.
in this paper we present a lifestyle typology for application to low-carbon research based on publicly available data from national statistical agencies. drawing on substantive, inter-disciplinary literature, we define lifestyles as the interplay between cognitions and behaviours in specific material and social contexts. using this definition, we develop a generalisable analytical framework for measuring and classifying lifestyles empirically, based on perspectives from public health, marketing, and pro-environmental research.
we apply our framework using hierarchical cluster analysis of nationally representative household social survey data. we select four countries with contrasting contexts and lifestyles: uk (n = 5000 respondents), usa (n = 900 respondents), australia (n = 5000 respondents) and china (n = 5000 respondents). we identify four low-carbon lifestyle types � 'resourceful', 'active', 'constrained' and 'cautious' � that are consistent across countries and robust to variation in analytical approach. each lifestyle type is characterised by its low-carbon cognitions, by its propensity for low-carbon behaviours, and by its contextual markers. we use this differentiated lifestyle typology to identify major sources of heterogeneity in the opportunities, capacities, and constraints to leading a low-carbon lifestyle.
our approach is transparent and replicable, and our lifestyle framework is empirical-based and generalisable to different country contexts. our findings can guide policy interventions for enabling low-carbon lifestyles, and enhance research efforts to model lifestyle. an improved understanding of lifestyle and its contribution in achieving the paris agreement climate targets, could also enhance efforts to visualise and plan for the low-carbon transition.
28. title: conflict and conservation: on the role of protected areas for environmental justice
authors: antonio bontempi, pietro venturi, daniela del bene, arnim scheidel, ... roser maneja zaragoza
abstract: when are protected areas drivers of environmental injustices and conflict, and under which circumstances may they support customary users in protecting their lands and livelihoods against extractivist development? we address these questions by analyzing the diverse roles that protected areas play in the context of environmental conflicts. we build a global database of 474 environmental conflicts in protected areas by overlapping data from the world database of protected areas and the global atlas of environmental justice. through descriptive statistics and content analysis, we characterize the intersections between the two databases and discuss those cases where protected areas play an important role in the origin, dynamics, or outcomes of the conflicts. our findings show that growth-oriented extractivism and development are major drivers of conflicts in protected areas, where these latter can both jeopardize and support environmental justice. while several cases describe protected areas as drivers of injustices and conflicts, they can also become tools that support peoples� struggles against controversial extractivism and development projects. the diversity of possible interactions between conflict configurations, movement claims, and forms of conservation thus require a nuanced understanding of the complex implications of protected areas for environmental justice.
29. title: transforming imaginations? multiple dimensionalities and temporalities as vital complexities in transformations to sustainability
authors: andy stirling, rose cairns, phil johnstone, joel onyango
abstract: through interlinked theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper explores some important but neglected questions concerning efforts to achieve sustainability. to what extents do currently dominant forms of academic study and policy visions in this field, satisfactorily address the full political depth and scope of vital complexities in pathways for emerging social transformations? are there dangers that common simplifications in mainstream ways of thinking about transformation, inadvertently help invisibly to reproduce entrenched patterns of privilege and power that drive focal problems of unsustainability? in particular, does a �monothetic� focus on circumscribed sites or sectoral formations with notionally few clear-cut dimensions of distinction before and after, risk missing more multiple and messy �polythetic� dimensionalities in which power and privilege can hide? what are the implications of common assumptions that pathways for change proceed �monotonically� � neatly and cumulatively in a particular direction, if real world transformations actually unfold according to more plural, undulating and unruly �non-monotonic� temporalities? in order to investigate these questions, the paper employs the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries to explore the constituting dimensions of contrasting understandings of �urban transformations� in kenya and �the nuclear renaissance� in the uk. q method and in-depth interpretive policy analysis are used to test patterns in relationships between imagined transformations and their unfoldings over time. the findings suggest that current mainstream approaches may indeed unduly simplify vital complexities in the ways these political dynamics play out � with potentially important practical implications.
30. title: towards a better future for biodiversity and people: modelling nature futures
authors: hyejin kim, garry d. peterson, william w.l. cheung, simon ferrier, ... henrique m. pereira
abstract: the nature futures framework (nff) is a heuristic tool for co-creating positive futures for nature and people. it seeks to open up a diversity of futures through mainly three value perspectives on nature � nature for nature, nature for society, and nature as culture. this paper describes how the nff can be applied in modelling to support decision-making. first, we describe key considerations for the nff in developing qualitative and quantitative scenarios: i) multiple value perspective #%-.09<>?@bk�����ʸʩʸ��wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h4�h4�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h� ]5�cjojqj^jaj h
2e5�cjojqj^jaj h4�5�cjojqj^jaj#h4�h4�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cj ojqj^jaj o(#h4�h4�5�cj ojqj^jaj ?@a��xy���m� � . z &&}&�&k.l.������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4������wxyz\bc����������˽�����|��l|��l|^�peh%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(hih�l$ojqj^jo( hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h4�h4�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(h4�h4�5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j������ lmvw� � � � � � � - �����²��²ф��rdvi;h�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hiha nojqj^jh��h��ojqj^jh� )hto�ojqj^jo( hvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h��h��5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^j hto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(- . 6 7 y z c d &&&&& & &|&}&�&�&�&�&��������xj�\nj�\> hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jhza�hza�5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(h�s�h�s�ojqj^jh� )h$?�ojqj^jo(h�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^j hvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(�&�&�&j.k.l.m.o.u.v.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�6�6�6���ƚ�����x�j\l��?ƚh�gh�gojqj^j hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�gh�g5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jh�r�h�r�5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(hza�hza�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jl.�.�.�6�6c7�77>8>�>�>�d�d�d>eujvj�j5k]p^p�paq�x�x
y�������������������������gd�s�gd�_gdlz�gd�)ggd|�gd)w�gdr7a�6�6�6�6�6b7c7l7�7�7�7�76>7>8>9>;>a>b>�>����ɻ�ɫ���ti\�n\@h��h��5�ojqj^jh�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�b<h�b<ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h|�5�ojqj^jh�b<h�b<5�ojqj^jh|�h|�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d���ȸ����wl_qc6�hlz�5�ojqj^jo(hlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�&ojqj^jh�&h�&ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�&h�&5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jhvi�h�)g5�ojqj^j�d�d�d=e>egehetjujvjxjzj�j�j�j�j�j4k5k���ŷ����vhzm?1z?�hvi�h�_5�ojqj^jh,v�h,v�5�ojqj^jh�_5�ojqj^jo(h�_h�_5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�&h�&ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�&h�&5�ojqj^jhlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jhvi�hlz�5�ojqj^j5k>k?k\p]p^p`pbphpip�p�pqq`qaqjqkq�x�x�x�x�x�x�x���ƚ�����x�j�z��m?�����h[h)w�ojqj^jo(hbf�hbf�ojqj^j h[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jhbf�hbf�5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h,v�h,v�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j�x y
yyyhyiyrysya`b`c`e`g`m`n`�`�`�`'a(a1a2a�f�f������uhz�hl��l���?�h�f�h�f�ojqj^jh�f�h�f�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h�~�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�~�h�~�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j h[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�9�h[5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh�~�h�~�5�ojqj^j
yiyb`c`�`(a�f�f;g�gwpxp�paq�v�v�v-wf}g}�}1~����<���ȑ��������������������������gd�7agd
�gdmw�gd)w�gd�s��f�f�f�f�f�f�f:g;gdg�g�g�g�gvpwpxpzp[p\pbp���Ϳ������xj]o���h:h
�h
�5�ojqj^j h
�h
�h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�r�h�r�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j h[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[hmw�5�ojqj^jh�r�h�r�5�ojqj^jhmw�5�ojqj^jo(hmw�hmw�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(bpcp�p�p�p@qaqjqkq�v�v�v�v�v�v�v�v�v�v����幫���wj\n�@0� h[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�4^h�4^5�ojqj^jh
�h
�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�p&h�p&ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j h$?�h
�5�ojqj^jo(hmw�h
�5�ojqj^jh[h
�5�ojqj^jh�p&h�p&5�ojqj^jh
�5�ojqj^jo(�v,w-w6w7we}f}g}i}k}q}r}�}�}�}0~1~:~;~�������������ÿ�����wiyki���>�����h��h��ojqj^jhmw�hjmi5�ojqj^j h[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h��h��5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�4^h�4^ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�4^h�4^5�ojqj^j��:�<�n���������ɛȑʐΐґސ��đ����巩���uhzl?1h� =h� =5�ojqj^jh�z25�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�z25�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h�r�h)w�ojqj^jo(h&��ŝ�]�6� �ҩ��n=���in����a7���qb&>!"�h
[�� �lx�z)��w�v�og� %�ţ|8mă#� /��8�� '��=���q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl���%�� ��n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i� bcax���/=x e��'5��&\�h�4da���,ye\}�)�l�a�����r�^��*�z���y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c���w��r�b���*i�v�u�r��u����|�nc`�|����*^����pk!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m
�0���wooӻ�&݈э���5
6?$q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/ ]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!���� [content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 0_rels/.relspk-!ky��� theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!���f���theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-!
ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]�
��.���� ��- �&�6�>�d5k�x�fbp�v��3���9����"9(uwxyz|}~��������������l.
yȑ���"9(v{�����@� @ ���������h ��0�( �
����0�( �
��b
�s � ��� ?�����������
� � x
]
% * #(19al #7?@gpt5 d � � � � � � � � � � � � :$g$�$�$�%�%�(�(s-z-g-n-r-{-�-�-�-�-�-�-21>1�4�4�4�4�4�4�:�: ;;%; ;�@aa!a,a4ag!g2g8geglgwg`go o o(o*o0o1o5o7o�u�� `�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*� 7��: a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib ��>!]�.�`
rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a
6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[�
k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~�
��y��k�
?i��� * �? = ��#? ?*� @�4le� dw"
�� �z�g�kd �2�^e �-h�x �w��t� bs &�x� -z�y� �w� i�>�:-� �u
kkkkdw"
q�x�-h�
k^r �
�^�vxb�
� =#�/y�pur ����
��'ff�x-z�d�y �(��)fk{z��fv��-�p�'�e��4�!~q�2h` �?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&�� ��`
[� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"� ��[��h�2��d�� �t��w�8i� (f�tl(����}�t�a9�~�8� �7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a �g�b�u�d \*�)#jb�l�d�
)r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v ���/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#���<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l [�x� xcz�be�yxn�fdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y] ��r�-��.��zf�7��
�e �o[ k h,~�hmp m~� mg �=�j��>m �?[%��'w �jo8�l �y2\ gqwez � �p]74� `a� �m�!�|z� �z:�*� �b!� g; cq�qq �h�nk^r a�x� t
an� gap�y8� �x� ��s� �d� � �z��j �vzq��t \
~��a v'po�_m 4�i�w� �tkpb� `
rq1� �yn�pur �p}��� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l� �!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z� s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k #� � �i 3#�#? � =#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#���2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb� �9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%� qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w �rh&2\ �qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w (r �@�~d:(� _(i t~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e �� w)!,�f���)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f� � {p���c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d� �,�>m ��x�,� {u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc���-x*�y���->o.-dt��t�.� �z]�.�x� �<}7/d|���y/ds}���/: o=tj�/ 0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��efw2
�z��>2 "o�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�w�3ui�� �3 dj�u�3� �x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^�
-a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5
-a5�a
6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7��6 �a�r!�6q1� ��@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\�#p7�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr
f8 c�]��jo8�~�8� � �8��b�n9?oi�q�9�a:�kx_�s�:kkkk�3�:�!�q�o";�4mjj o;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�[u�u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*� �o-�?�mt?�s�?
u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r �@g��z�@z]%ha g; ��: a�s6ay8� ��doah u�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an� ��a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\���ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c� h fs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y� ��f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s
h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q �q� �q qg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l ��zwr�
{r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� �(u�r�$atxcs� #sw/�=fzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s� �,!u�rdi�@gku�u0
g�u�� �uxcs>�uc;�rxyyv�d �^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y���x�3�:��o�x� #s^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<� �x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv ��q�yv^mc�|�y��y< z�&xfk{z�kd
�zh p�� [�enx�:[�=�^�`
[�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s���7y]�>aqs�]��� c�]hv�i���]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^� `47z^.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq ��u�`�>�`_m �t
a��&na[mk,�9a� �q���a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr �a�t� 3b@�z��)ib�u~b1 �h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03 cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^����c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� * ^ee����l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u
�t�edu�efd�� &fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f< z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r� �g8|k=�z�g�-9h�k?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�i x�u�nf�i�~7 djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk �g�tk z l!{�?�klv:g��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k��.�mz*�ma �� �m�hn�y`�gn� �!�g)nfr>��^^nv ��, mn�kj>�nh#�n �gv'po�
���"�o�"�o6gp�e �oh��.�o�r��v�o mg ���o]z[th ptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� �� �qq =��,�q�w� #!�q{s
h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y �)1:to
�v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e� �t(ap�}�t�o�t �u2�&xph$^�enx[�x, mnf�x&xn
�x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7���yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji� �z@�z�.�o�� �z�`�o��%�z�q�wv {�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{
hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s�
u|�[|� w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\
~ �=�h,~03 c��)9~whkzi t~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z � j�{p�4\�7��(k�i����x ��m�j�����\*[w�3`�&�g2 r� �p
j^ �n�_ati�wb��.h j<sh�t � o >s �r#�l$; %$y&�p&�}&�m'�m(� )�g)%j,�p.�i/�2�z2' 4t4.6�6*8;i8cj8�9�i;�b<� =�e=k&>e!@jj@r7a�ec}cc�nd�ud�ievf�@g0 i4tj�kul�^l}xl%ma n�%smkxgy�py� ]�^�4^�9^ro_ 5a�7a chc
2e�lf�qf�)gjmi�ckalthllmnnm}on[ r�psxzs0@ui1vywicy-z�x}{-��/���wt�t��s�mw��=��=�� ��`�j�nj��$����9�l�.~�v�<����r��m��r��c� 6�7"�i������i��s�?5����"�gl�bj�h��-���
��"�l%��f�w� p���,v�xe�2����y�� ��e�`-��r�|������@�]f]f]f]f|(*z}��������@�0�h@���@���$@���<@�@@��unknown������������g��*�cx� �times new roman5 ��symbol3&� �*�cx� �arial7.� ��[ @�verdanaa ����$b�cambria math;���(�[sosimsun 1��h;"�fv[�go��!i�r��!i�r�!-!),.:;?]}���� & 6"0000 0 0
00000��� � ���� �=�@�\�]�^���([{� 0
0 00000��;�[����������e�e� 2�q��hp��?�����������������������"�2! xx�r��- ���userlib-x��
�����oh�� '��0t������� ��
(4<dl� user normal lib-x 335 microsoft office word@��<@�y��\�@ �t���!i���
��՜.�� ,��0�
x`t|�� ����� microsoft�re�
!"#$%&'()* ,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������root entry�������� �f�/p����data
�������������1table�����vzworddocument����2.summaryinformation(�������������documentsummaryinformation8���������compobj������������n������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���� �f microsoft word 97-2003 �ĵ�
msworddocword.document.8�9�q