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��ࡱ�>�� vx��u��u �r��jbjbj�n�n2f��a��a�b ��""��8�tm��lliiiii��ilklklklklklkl$vn�qf�l��l��ii4�l��n�i�iil��il��i��pq��ul�l0�l�rqfrq��/rq��i��l�lmp��l��rq��"qs: organization science volume 32, issue 5, sep/oct 2021 1. title: tie decay and dissolution: contentious prescribing practices in the prescription drug epidemic authors: zhang, victoria; king, marissa d. abstract: although a substantial body of work has investigated drivers of tie formation, there is growing interest in understanding why relationships decay or dissolve altogether. the networks literature has tended to conceptualize tie decay as driven by processes similar to those underlying tie formation. yet information that is revealed through ongoing interactions can exert different effects on tie formation and tie decay. this paper investigates how tie decay and tie formation processes differ by focusing on contentious practices. to the extent that information about dissimilarities in contentious practices is learned through ongoing interactions, it can exert diverging effects on tie formation and tie decay. using a longitudinal data set of 141,543 physician dyads, we find that differences in contentious prescribing led ties to weaken or dissolve altogether but did not affect tie formation. the more contentious the practice and the more information available about the practice, the stronger the effect on tie decay and dissolution. collectively, these findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of relationship evolution as an unfolding process through which deeper-level differences are revealed and shape the outcome of the tie. 2. title: social network positions, peer effects, and evaluation updating: an experimental test in the entrepreneurial context authors: greenberg, jason. abstract: in many facets of life, individuals make evaluations that they may update after consulting with others in their networks. but not all individuals have the same positional opportunities for social interaction in a given network or the ability and desire to make use of those opportunities that are available to them. the configuration of a person's network can also alter how information is spread or interpreted. to complicate matters further, scant research has considered how positions in social networks and the valence of network content interact because of the difficulty of (a) separating the "player" from the position in networks and (b) measuring all germane content in a particular network. this research develops a novel experimental platform that addresses these issues. participants viewed and evaluated an entrepreneurial video pitch and were then randomly assigned to different networks, and positions within networks, and thus various opportunities for peer influence that were orthogonal to their network history, inclinations, attributes, or capabilities. furthermore, all the content of social interaction, including its valence, was recorded to test underlying assumptions. results reveal that those assigned to a position with brokerage opportunities in a network updated their evaluations of the entrepreneurial video considerably more negatively. 3. title: why do firms fail to engage diversity? a behavioral strategy perspective authors: liu, chengwei. abstract: the persistent failure of organizations to engage diversity�to employ a diverse workforce and fully realize its potential�is puzzling, as it creates labor-market inefficiencies and untapped opportunities. addressing this puzzle from a behavioral strategy as arbitrage perspective, this paper argues that attractive opportunities tend to be protected by strong behavioral and social limits to arbitrage. i outline four limits�cognizing, searching, reconfiguring, and legitimizing (csrl)�that deter firms from sensing, seizing, integrating, and justifying valuable diversity. the case of moneyball is used to illustrate how these csrl limits prevented mispriced human resources from being arbitraged away sooner, with implications for engaging cognitive diversity that go beyond sports. this perspective describes why behavioral failures as arbitrage opportunities can persist and prescribes strategists, as contrarian theorists, a framework for formulating relevant behavioral and social problems to solve in order to search for and exploit these untapped opportunities. 4. title: emergent strategy from spontaneous anger: crowd dynamics in the first 48 hours of the ferguson shooting authors: kudesia, ravi s. abstract: the fatal august 9, 2014, officer-involved shooting of a black teenager in ferguson, missouri, sparked a series of local protests that culminated in a national social movement: black lives matter. in this study, through a minute-by-minute analysis of crowd dynamics, i find that the eventual social movement strategy emerged from spontaneous acts of anger in protest crowds within the first 48 hours of the shooting. this finding is surprising in light of social movement scholarship, in which strategy is thought to follow from rationality and decision making within formal organizations, not emotionality and spontaneous action within informal crowds. by coupling a historical analysis of protest and policing practices with a comparison of prominent theories of crowds, emotion, and strategy, i theorize how strategy can emerge from spontaneous acts of anger as part of a distributed sensemaking process in crowds, rather than conflating strategy with rationality and deliberate planning in organizations. taken in sum, this study challenges prevailing ideas about the wisdom of crowds and exemplifies the immanent potential for change, in which our seemingly "micro" actions are not trivial but can influence even the most "macro" of strategic outcomes. 5. title: materiality as a basis for valuation entrepreneurship: re-modeling impressionism authors: sgourev, stoyan v. abstract: this paper addresses the recognized need for connecting scholarship on materiality and evaluation by conceptualizing how materiality provides grounds for "valuation entrepreneurship." it extends the scope of materiality scholarship by considering an ignored organizational outcome while offering stronger evidence for the role of supply-side factors in social evaluation. the theoretical model posits that materiality affords opportunities for identity construction and social organization that can lead to the emergence of a new theory of value contesting the evaluative regime. this framework is applied to the reanalysis of a famous case: impressionism. the analysis shows that new materials and methods of painting served as a "focus" for the social organization of artists with a shared identity of craftsmen. these artists espoused a new theory of value that advocated the "unfinishedness" of artworks and used natural perception as an objective basis for contestation of the "subjective" evaluative regime at the salons. the contestation had political overtones, drawing on cultural resources and scientific tenets to justify the valorization of individuality and decentralization of art appraisal. an endogenous account of culture in action presents materiality as a natural counterpoint to the emphasis on conceptualization. 6. title: cooperative criticism: when criticism enhances creativity in brainstorming and negotiation authors: curhan, jared r.; labuzova, tatiana; mehta, aditi. abstract: long-standing wisdom holds that criticism is antithetical to effective brainstorming because it incites intragroup conflict. however, a number of recent studies have challenged this assumption, suggesting that criticism might actually enhance creativity in brainstorming by fostering divergent thinking. our paper reconciles these perspectives with new theory and a multimethod investigation to explain when and why criticism promotes creativity in brainstorming. we propose that a cooperative social context allows criticism to be construed positively, spurring creativity without inciting intragroup conflict, whereas a competitive social context makes criticism more divisive, leading to intragroup conflict and a corresponding reduction in creativity. we found support for this theory from a field experiment involving 100 group brainstorming sessions with actual stakeholders in a controversial urban planning project. in a cooperative context, instructions encouraging criticism yielded more ideas and more creative ideas, whereas in a competitive context, encouraging criticism yielded fewer ideas and less creative ideas. we replicated this finding in a laboratory study involving brainstorming in the context of a union-management negotiation scenario, which allowed us to hold constant the nature of the criticism. taken together, our findings suggest that the optimal context for creativity in brainstorming is a cooperative one in which criticism occurs but is interpreted constructively because the brainstorming parties perceive their goals as aligned. 7. title: attentional engagement as practice: a study of the attentional infrastructure of healthcare chief executive officers authors: nicolini, davide; korica, maja. abstract: in this paper, we investigate the attentional engagement of chief executive officers (ceos) of large healthcare organizations in england. we study attention ethnographically as something managers do�at different times, in context, and in relation to others. we find that ceos match the challenges of volume, fragmentation, and variety of attentional demands with a bundle of practices to activate attention, regulate the quantity and quality of information, stay focused over time, and prioritize attention. we call this bundle of practices the ceo's attentional infrastructure. the practices that compose the attentional infrastructure work together to ensure that ceos balance paying too much with paying too little attention, sustain attention on multiple issues over time, and allocate attention to the issues that matter, while avoiding becoming swamped by too many other concerns. the attentional infrastructure and its component practices are constantly revised and adapted to match the changes in the environment and ensure that managers remain on top of the things that matter to them. the idea of a practice-based attentional infrastructure advances theory by expanding and articulating the concept of attentional engagement, a central element in the attention-based view of the firm. we also demonstrate the benefits of studying attention as practice, rather than as an exclusively mental phenomenon. finally, we contribute to managerial practice by introducing a set of categories that managers can use to interrogate their existing attentional practices and address attentional traps and difficulties. 8. title: how managers maintain control through collaborative repair: evidence from platform-mediated "gigs" authors: rahman, hatim a.; valentine, melissa a. abstract: this paper develops a new understanding about how "client managers"�those using platform labor markets to hire and manage workers�attempt to maintain control when managing skilled contractors. we conducted an inductive field study analyzing interactions between client managers and contractors in software development "gigs" mediated by a platform labor market. the platform provided multiple tools client managers could use for control, including in response to unexpected events. we found that, when managers used the tools to exert coercive control over contractors acting unexpectedly, it backfired and contributed to uncompleted project outcomes. in contrast, when they refrained from using the tools for coercive control in such circumstances and instead engaged in what we call collaborative repair, their actions contributed to completed project outcomes. collaborative repair refers to interactions that surface misaligned interpretations of a situation and help parties negotiate new, reciprocal expectations that restore trust and willingness to continue an exchange. client managers' attempts at collaborative repair yielded fuller understanding of project-related breakdowns and shared investment in new expectations, facilitating effective control and completed projects. this study extends prior theories of control by characterizing the new client manager role created by platforms and demonstrating how initiating repair is integral for managers' capacity to accomplish control in these comparatively brittle work relationships. 9. title: why are firms with lower performance more volatile and unpredictable? a vulnerability explanation of the bowman paradox authors: becerra, manuel; markarian, garen. abstract: this study investigates the negative relationship between firm risk and accounting performance known in the strategy field as the bowman paradox, which has been generally attributed to differences across firms in their willingness to take risk. most research to date relies on the behavioral theory of the firm to suggest that underperformers take greater risks to increase their performance to their reference point. as an alternative explanation, we suggest that the bowman paradox may result from the inherent vulnerability of low performers to negative external shocks. our panel analysis of 2,681 u.s. firms from 1980 to 2010 confirms that firms with lower performance within their industry are more affected by negative shocks to the economy. the asymmetric vulnerability of low performers to external events makes their overall accounting performance more volatile and difficult to predict by market analysts, even if all firms have a similar attitude toward risk taking and capabilities to manage change. our vulnerability explanation is also supported by our empirical analysis of the 2008 global financial crisis as a natural experiment. furthermore, we find strong evidence of a negative risk�return relationship using different methods to control for their endogeneity. 10. title: seeing what others miss: a competition network lens on product innovation authors: thatchenkery, sruthi; katila, riitta. abstract: how a firm views its competitors affects its performance. we extend the networks literature to examine how a firm's positioning in competition networks�networks of perceived competitive relations between firms�relates to a significant organizational outcome, namely, product innovation. we find that when firms position themselves in ways that allow them to see differently than rivals, new product ideas emerge. simply put, firms with an unusual view of competition are more innovative. we situate our analysis in the u.s. enterprise infrastructure software industry, examining the relationship between the firm's position in competition networks and its innovation over the period of 1995�2012. using both archival and in-depth field data, we find that two factors�the focal firm's spanning of structural holes in the network and the perception of peripheral firms as competitors�are positively associated with its product innovation. at the same time, turnover in firms perceived as competitors has an unexpected negative association with innovation. overall, the findings suggest that firms benefit when they see the competitive landscape differently than their competitors. the findings also show that what we know about innovation-enhancing positioning in collaboration networks does not necessarily hold in competition networks. 11. title: socio-technical affordances for large-scale collaborations: introduction to a virtual special issue authors: malhotra, arvind; majchrzak, ann; lyytinen, kalle. abstract: in this special issue, we review 14 articles published in organization science over the past 25 years examining large-scale collaborations (lscs) tasked with knowledge dissemination and innovation. lscs involve sizeable pools of participants carrying out a common mission such as developing open-source software, detector technologies, complex architecture, encyclopedias, medical cures, or responses to climate change. lscs depend on technologies because they are often geographically distributed, incorporate multiple and diverse epistemic perspectives. how such technologies need to be structured and appropriated for effective lsc collaborations has been researched in piecemeal fashion by examining a single technology used in a single collaboration context with little opportunity for generalization. studies have tended to black box technology use even though they acknowledge such uses to be critical to the lsc operation. we unveil the black box surrounding lsc collaboration technologies by identifying three challenges that lscs face when they pursue an lsc effort: (1) knowledge exchange challenges, (2) knowledge deliberation challenges, and (3) knowledge combination challenges. we examine how technology was used in responding to these challenges, synthesizing their use into three socio-technical affordances to improve knowledge dissemination efficiency and innovation effectiveness: knowledge collaging, purposeful deliberating, and knowledge interlacing. we demonstrate the intellectual benefit of incorporating socio-technical affordances in studies of lscs including what small group collaboration research can learn from lscs. &')035679b��ʹ�ʪʘ�zf^qc5h||�h||�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hm8x5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�h�5�cjojqj^jajh||�5�cjojqj^jaj h��5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h||�h||�5�cjojqj^jaj678�� 9t��$\]��9u�#�#�#��gd)w�gdto�gd%j,gd||�gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�� 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